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International Conference on Optoelectronic Information and Optical Engineering (OIOE)

Fiber modulation transfer spectroscopy for laser stable frequency

Jinzhu Feng, Jun Ruan, Yang Bai, Sichen Fan, Shuai Nie, Hui Zhang

Published Jun 10, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The laser uses a 1560nm distributed feedback semiconductor laser as the seed source, which is then amplified by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The amplified laser is subsequently frequency-doubled to 780nm using a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal. A fully fiber-optic modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) frequency stabilization system was constructed, locking onto the crossover peak for the 87Rb 5𝑆1/2, 𝐹g = 1 → 5𝑆3/2, 𝐹e = 0, 1. The system's performance was evaluated by beat measurements with a commercial MTS module locking onto the 87Rb D2 transition line 5𝑆1/2, 𝐹g = 1 → 5𝑆3/2, 𝐹e = 0.The final result shows a beat signal linewidth of 29kHz. The frequency stability at an integration time of one second is 8 × 10-11, and the frequency stability reaches 3 × 10-11 at an integration time of up to 1000 seconds.

DOI
10.1117/12.3068297

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The laser uses a 1560nm distributed feedback semiconductor laser as the seed source, which is then amplified by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The amplified laser is subsequently frequency-doubled to 780nm using a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal. A fully fiber-optic modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) frequency stabilization system was constructed, locking onto the crossover peak for the 87Rb 5𝑆1/2, 𝐹g = 1 → 5𝑆3/2, 𝐹e = 0, 1. The system's performance was evaluated by beat measurements with a commercial MTS module locking onto the 87Rb D2 transition line 5𝑆1/2, 𝐹g = 1 → 5𝑆3/2, 𝐹e = 0.The final result shows a beat signal linewidth of 29kHz. The frequency stability at an integration time of one second is 8 × 10-11, and the frequency stability reaches 3 × 10-11 at an integration time of up to 1000 seconds.
The modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) technique used to stabilize two different transition lines of rubidium, required for laser cooling of atoms, is investigated. The laser source is based on a 1560 nm semiconductor laser diode that is amplified by an erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The laser output is frequency doubled with a fiber coupled periodically poled Lithium Niobate (PPLN) crystal to 780 nm. To address the weak spectral features of repumping laser, a theoretical study is conducted followed by experimental verification. The 87Rb D2 line F = 1 → F' = 0 transition temperature-enhanced MTS signal is observed, which provides a choice to stabilize the repumping laser frquency on the F = 1 → F ' = 2 transition using frequency shifting with acousto-optic modulators (AOMs). Compared with the orignal MTS signal, this method is shown to be more stable and accurate for laser frequency locking. Laer frequency locking is realized by controlling the driving current of the seed laser using digital PID feedback. After locking, the laser linewidth is 35.36 kHz.
We make a detailed comparison of frequency modulation spectroscopy (FMS) and modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) and of their applications in stabilizing laser frequency. In both FMS and MTS, intensity modulations of probe beam are observed in saturated absorption spectroscopy of 87Rb atoms. However, the two modulation profiles appear different due to their distinct origins. Demodulation gives rise to frequency discrimination spectra, which can serve as error signals for frequency locking. The optimal error signal of FMS has a larger linear slope but also a slanted baseline, in contrast to that of MTS. We apply FMS and MTS to stabilize two 780 nm external cavity diode lasers to D2 lines of 87Rb atoms. We measure laser linewidth and stability using beat notes of two independently locked lasers. A laser linewidth as narrow as 12.9 kHz is achieved in FMS locking, compared to 70.8 kHz in MTS locking. A laser stability at the level of 10−12 is reached in both schemes. Nevertheless, FMS locking offers a better short-term stability, whereas MTS locking yields a smaller long-term drift. Our investigation of FMS and MTS would be valuable for making a choice of these spectroscopy techniques for laser stabilization as well as other relevant applications.
Modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) is widely used in an optical laboratory for laser frequency stabilization. There have been many theoretical and experimental papers on this spectroscopic method. However, most of the works focus on the cycling transitions like the D2 line of rubidium. In this paper, the MTS for noncycling transitions is investigated. We consider the D1 line of rubidium whose modulation transfer spectrum has been determined and compared to the polarization spectrum. It is found that the slope of the modulation transfer signal is sharper than the polarization spectrum. The performance of laser frequency locking based on the MTS method is better than that of the polarization spectroscopy method. The dependence of the signal amplitude on the temperature of the vapor cell was analyzed, and the high signal-to-noise-ratio spectra are achieved for D1 open transitions. The obtained results provide an effective spectroscopic method for the robust frequency locking of a laser at a wavelength of 795 nm.
We present a high-performance laser frequency stabilization method using modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) on the rubidium 87 D 2 transition line. A substantial improvement of the laser frequency stability was achieved by searching for the optimal diameter and intensity settings of the probe and pump beam. The frequency instability measured from the beat frequency of two locked external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs) reached a short-term stability of 4.5 × 10 − 14 / τ and did not exceed 2 × 10 −12 until 10 5 s, which is the best performance reported thus far with a D 2 transition. The long-term stability is limited by the offset fluctuations of the baseline induced by the residual amplitude modulation (RAM), which can be further improved by reducing the current temperature variation of about 0.2 K by means of temperature stabilization or through a further reduction of the RAM.
We experimentally demonstrate efficient frequency doubling of a telecom 1560 nm distributed feedback diode laser with a 3 cm long MgO:PPLN waveguide with a conversion coefficient of 114%/W.We investigate optical inhomogeneities by measuring the quasi-phase-matching temperature curve.The ~2.7 mW of second-harmonic power at 780 nm is sufficient to detect the Rb D 2 features using modulation transfer spectroscopy.The laser frequency is locked to a hyperfine transition of Rb D 2 line and typical residual frequency fluctuation of ±86 kHz (rms) is achieved within 30 min.Our experimental scheme can be used for realizing robust, compact, and highly accurate Rb stabilized 1560 nm laser systems for fiber-optic communication applications.
This work introduces an innovative optical frequency standard that leverages MEMS vapor cells to achieve exceptional stability. To attain these objectives, we have integrated the modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) technique, which not only ensures high stability but also contributes to minimal power consumption in a compact form factor. Employing MTS with a high signal-to-noise ratio and utilizing a full bandwidth, high-speed servo feedback, we have successfully stabilized the laser frequency at the hyperfine transitions of rubidium atomic lines within the MEMS vapor cell. Furthermore, after the laser is locked, there is a significant narrowing effect on the laser linewidth. The current specifications of our compact optical frequency standard include a frequency Allan deviation of 4.8E-13@1s and the laser linewidth of only 18 kHz.