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Japanese Journal of Applied Physics

Theoretical Analysis of the Power and Linewidth of the Diode-Laser-Pumped Rb87 Maser

Jinquan Deng, Xiwen Zhu

Published Mar 1, 1994• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We calculated the oscillation power and total linewidth of the diode-laser-pumped Rb87 maser with spatial variations of the pumping rate and the radiative microwave field in the resonance cell. It is found that the maximum oscillation power P max corresponding to the optimum pumping rate Γ opt does not increase monotonically with the atomic density n 0 and that the short-term frequency stability of the maser corresponding to P max is about a factor of three better than that currently obtained with a lamp-pumped Rb87 maser. Some results are in fair agreement with our previous experiments. We also examined the variation of the oscillation powers vs light intensity in an average mode for three laser-pumping schemes with different frequencies and polarizations of the diode lasers.

DOI
10.1143/jjap.33.1676

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We calculated the oscillation power and total linewidth of the diode-laser-pumped Rb87 maser with spatial variations of the pumping rate and the radiative microwave field in the resonance cell. It is found that the maximum oscillation power P max corresponding to the optimum pumping rate Γ opt does not increase monotonically with the atomic density n 0 and that the short-term frequency stability of the maser corresponding to P max is about a factor of three better than that currently obtained with a lamp-pumped Rb87 maser. Some results are in fair agreement with our previous experiments. We also examined the variation of the oscillation powers vs light intensity in an average mode for three laser-pumping schemes with different frequencies and polarizations of the diode lasers.
We report the operation of a 87^{87}87Rb maser in the self-oscillating mode, using a laser diode as the optical pumping source. The maser uses a TE021_{021}021​ cavity surrounding a cell containing the atoms and 11 Torr of N2_{2}2​ as the buffer gas. The optical pumping is accomplished by using a commercial laser diode frequency-locked on the linear absorption line of an external rubidium cell. The maser output power is maximized when the laser spectrum is spread by modulating its frequency through the variation of its injection current. The maser output power is also presented for various modulation waveforms and frequencies. We find that the spurious sidebands induced by the modulation can be minimized. Finally, the linear dependence between the laser and maser frequencies is shown. We find that the relative maser frequency pulling from the laser is about 4.6×10−34.6 \times 10^{-3}4.6×10−3.
ln recent years, laser pumped Rb atomic clocks have been numerously studied and developed to reduce "light shift" and increase the accuracy and stability of the frequency. Previously, we reoorted on the measurement of the linewidths and S/N of the optical-microwave double resonance signal and the light shift in a Rb atomic clock pumped by a stabilized diode laser. In this paper, the light shift was numerically calculated by using the theory proposed by Cohen-Tannoudji & Barrat. Furthermore, contributions of the laser power and frequency detuning to the light shift were also estimated to attain the microwave frequency stability as high as 10^<-12>.
The laser-pumped 87Rb maser showed many new experimental features.1 A precise understanding of the maser behavior is obtained by considering a simple three-level atom, located inside a microwave cavity, interacting with a frequency-modulated laser. This simple model is based on the density operator formalism within a semi-classical approach. We show that moderately rapid modulation of the laser frequency results in sustained large hyperfine coherence, thus high gain, due to reduced light broadening, even for a high intensity pump. This is optimally achieved with a given modulation depth which is proportional to the light intensity. This last result has also been obtained when considering only the maximization of the population inversion.2 On the other hand the modulation greatly decreases the dependence of the maser frequency upon the laser frequency (through the variation of the light shift), therefore reducing the requirements for the mid- and the long-term frequency stability of the pumping laser. Finally the maser frequency suffers a small modulation, relatively insensitive to the modulation depth, which becomes negligible for sufficiently high modulation frequencies.
Summary This paper presents a theoretical evaluation of the performance of passive Rb frequency standard operated under various modes of microwave excitation such as TEOll, TElll or TElO1. Assuming that the pumping light is generated by an electrodeless lamp and taking into account the inhomogeneity of the atomic system the spatial distribution of the light transmftted through the absorption cell is found. The resonance curve, given by the integral of the light intensity over the photodetector surface as function of microwave excitation frequency, is then calculated. It is shown that the resonance curve pattern depends not only on the light intensity and the microwave power when the atomic system parameters are held constant but also on the area and the location of the photodetector. The ultimate short term frequency stability of a passive rubidium frequency standard is evaluated through its white frequency noise. This noise contribution can be estimated from the resonance curve and the system parameters. It is presented as function of light intensity and microwave power for various photodetectors and for the three modes of microwave excitation considered. These curves show that optimization of the short term frequency stability could be achieved and give insight toward its realization.