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IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

Study of the /sup 87/Rb maser with both ends pumping

D. Jinquan, Z. Xiwen, Xiang Yuan-hai

Published Jun 1, 1993• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Experiments on the /sup 87/Rb maser with both ends pumping showed variations of the maximum output power versus cell temperature. The largest output power was 2.0*10/sup -10/ W, and a preliminary measurement gave an improved short-term frequency stability. The results of the numerical calculations based on the density matrix formalism agreed qualitatively with the experiments.>

DOI
10.1109/19.231603

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Experiments on the /sup 87/Rb maser with both ends pumping showed variations of the maximum output power versus cell temperature. The largest output power was 2.0*10/sup -10/ W, and a preliminary measurement gave an improved short-term frequency stability. The results of the numerical calculations based on the density matrix formalism agreed qualitatively with the experiments.>
We calculated the oscillation power and total linewidth of the diode-laser-pumped Rb87 maser with spatial variations of the pumping rate and the radiative microwave field in the resonance cell. It is found that the maximum oscillation power P max corresponding to the optimum pumping rate Γ opt does not increase monotonically with the atomic density n 0 and that the short-term frequency stability of the maser corresponding to P max is about a factor of three better than that currently obtained with a lamp-pumped Rb87 maser. Some results are in fair agreement with our previous experiments. We also examined the variation of the oscillation powers vs light intensity in an average mode for three laser-pumping schemes with different frequencies and polarizations of the diode lasers.
We report the operation of a 87^{87}87Rb maser in the self-oscillating mode, using a laser diode as the optical pumping source. The maser uses a TE021_{021}021​ cavity surrounding a cell containing the atoms and 11 Torr of N2_{2}2​ as the buffer gas. The optical pumping is accomplished by using a commercial laser diode frequency-locked on the linear absorption line of an external rubidium cell. The maser output power is maximized when the laser spectrum is spread by modulating its frequency through the variation of its injection current. The maser output power is also presented for various modulation waveforms and frequencies. We find that the spurious sidebands induced by the modulation can be minimized. Finally, the linear dependence between the laser and maser frequencies is shown. We find that the relative maser frequency pulling from the laser is about 4.6×10−34.6 \times 10^{-3}4.6×10−3.
The /sup 87/Rb cell frequency standard, optically pumped by a laser diode, is of great interest in the development of high short-term stability oscillators. We report experiments performed on a rubidium cell prototype aiming at evaluate the transfer of the laser noise to the hyperfine clock transition via the light shift effect, which appears to be the main contribution to the observed short term frequency stability in this kind of standard. Pulsed optical pumping will also be examined in order to strongly reduce the light shift effect and to achieve the theoretical limit never approached up to now despite the strong detected microwave signals.
The paper describes work done on the Passive Rubidium Frequency Standard in order to identify and possibly improve its frequency stability in the short and long term region. In relation to the short term region, experiments are described which permit the identification of the major sources of noise and measurements are reported. A theoretical model is developed and conclusions are drawn relative to the optimization of the various parameters. In relation to the long term region, earlier work has shown that the power shift created by inhomogeneous broadening in the presence of a buffer gas and light shift could be a cause of instabilities. To avoid that effect we have started experiments on a wall coated cell without buffer gas and we report results on the wall shift and its temperature dependence. Although that type of cell avoids the power shift, it is observed that the temperature dependence of the wall shift is relatively large. These results are discussed in terms of earlier data obtained on rubidium masers.