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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Boundary Conditions in One-dimensional Tunneling Junction

Yutaka Shikano, Masao Hirokawa

Published Jul 20, 2011• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The tunneling effect is first characterized in quantum mechanics. However, the mathematical analysis for the tunneling effect is so complicated. In the conventional sense, the WKB analysis is useful to analyze such effect. Here, we consider the mathematical analysis for the tunneling effect in the one-dimensional Schrödinger system from the viewpoint of functional analysis. From the rigorous analysis, we obtain the interference pattern of the tunneling particle.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/302/1/012044

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The tunneling effect is first characterized in quantum mechanics. However, the mathematical analysis for the tunneling effect is so complicated. In the conventional sense, the WKB analysis is useful to analyze such effect. Here, we consider the mathematical analysis for the tunneling effect in the one-dimensional Schrödinger system from the viewpoint of functional analysis. From the rigorous analysis, we obtain the interference pattern of the tunneling particle.
We handle all the self-adjoint extensions of the minimal Schrödinger operator for the nonrelativistic electron living in the one-dimensional configuration space with a junction. We are interested in every boundary condition corresponding to the individual self-adjoint extension. Thus, we clarify all the types of those boundary conditions of the wave functions of the nonrelativistic electron. We find concrete tunnel-junction formulae for the nonrelativistic electron passing through the junction, which reveals the phase factor caused by the tunneling through the junction. Using this tunnel-junction formula, we propose a mathematical possibility of a tunnel-junction device for qubit.
One-dimensional quantum systems can be experimentally studied in recent nanotechnology like the carbon nanotube and the nanowire. We have considered the mathematical model of a one-dimensional Schrödinger particle with a junction and have analyzed the phase factor in the boundary condition of the junction. We have shown that the phase factor in the tunneling case appears in the situation of the non-adiabatic transition with the three energy levels in the exact Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin analysis.
We handle all the self-adjoint extensions of the minimal Schroedinger operator for the non-relativistic electron living in the one-dimensional configuration space with a junction. We are interested in every boundary condition corresponding to the individual self-adjoint extension. Thus, we clarify all the types of those boundary conditions of the wave functions of the non-relativistic electron. We find a tunnel-junction formula for the non-relativistic electron passing through the junction. Using this tunnel-junction formula, we propose a mathematical possibility of a tunnel-junction device for qubit.
This article provides a comprehensive review of the quantum tunneling effect, one of the most important phenomena in quantum mechanics. According to the laws of classical physics, a particle cannot overcome a potential barrier if it has insufficient energy. However, in quantum mechanics, due to the wave nature of the particle, the probability of penetrating the barrier is non-zero. This work analyzes in detail the theoretical foundations of the tunneling effect, its description via the Schrödinger equation, probability amplitudes, boundary conditions for wave functions, and their physical meaning. Furthermore, the application of this effect in semiconductor physics, nuclear physics, scanning tunneling microscopy, and nanotechnology is discussed. Based on the work of Kazakh scientists, the place and significance of the tunneling effect in modern physics are determined. The research results provide a deeper understanding of quantum phenomena and promote the development of their practical applications.
This research paper explores the theoretical foundations of quantum tunneling, explaining how particles can pass through potential barriers despite lacking the classical energy to do so. It develops the mathematical framework using the Schrödinger equation, derives the transmission coefficient for a rectangular potential barrier, introduces the WKB approximation for more realistic barriers, and examines key applications such as alpha decay, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and the Josephson effect. The paper also reviews the historical development, experimental verification, and limitations of quantum tunneling, highlighting its significance as one of the most fundamental and experimentally validated predictions of quantum mechanics.
Abstract A distinguishing feature of quantum mechanics, as compared with classical mechanics, is the phenomenon of matter exhibiting wave-like properties. A direct consequence of this wave property of particles is the tunneling of particles through potential energy barriers.-3 The classical particle is forbidden from penetrating the barrier region. In this chapter, the problem of one-dimensional (1D) quantum mechanical tunneling of particles through potential barriers of arbitrary shape is treated. We show that tunneling is a mixed boundary value problem, and obtain the action integral that leads to Schrodinger’s equation and at the same time gives the equations defining the boundary conditions (BCs).