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Quantum Optics Journal of the European Optical Society Part B

Limiting sensitivity of frequency discriminator based on microwave-optical double resonance detection by squeezed light

V. V. Batygin, Dmitriy V. Kupriyanov, K. Yu. Platonov, Igor M. Sokolov

Published Dec 1, 1992• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The problem of the sensitivity increase of an atomic frequency standard discriminator by the squeezed light registration technique has been discussed. The authors have considered the ordinary scheme of microwave-optical double-resonance detection by probing radiation absorption as well as the interference registration scheme. The output photocurrent fluctuations and the figure of merit dependences as a function of external parameters have been studied. It has been shown that interference registration by squeezed light is preferable because a higher figure of merit can be achieved.

DOI
10.1088/0954-8998/4/6/002

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The problem of the sensitivity increase of an atomic frequency standard discriminator by the squeezed light registration technique has been discussed. The authors have considered the ordinary scheme of microwave-optical double-resonance detection by probing radiation absorption as well as the interference registration scheme. The output photocurrent fluctuations and the figure of merit dependences as a function of external parameters have been studied. It has been shown that interference registration by squeezed light is preferable because a higher figure of merit can be achieved.
The sensitivity of measurements in the different schemes of optical detection of magnetic resonance in an ensemble of optically orientated paramagnetic atoms has been studied. The authors have considered the standard schemes of transmission monitoring of the atomic angular momenta precession assuming a classical resonant and off-resonant probing light beam as well as interference probing scheme by squeezed radiation. The main attention has been given to the limit accuracy of Zeeman transition frequency determination in these experiments. The circumstances limiting the radiation intensity increase in these experiments have been discussed.
In this paper we describe that the optically pumped frequency standards can have frequency stability beyond the quantum noise limit by detecting the Ramsey resonance through the squeezed light. In this paper we report that instead of considering the interaction of entangled atoms in the microwave region, it will be more practical to create the entanglement of the atoms in the detection region using the squeezed light, which is also used for the detection of the Ramsey resonance. The advantage of squeezing can be derived when the technical noises have been removed.
A frequency tunable source of squeezed light has been developed for application to a variety of problems in atomic physics. The basic experimental arrangement consists of a subthreshold optical parametric oscillator (OPO) that is pumped by the frequency-doubled output of a titanium-sapphire laser. Squeezed light with continuous tunability of 2 GHz has been generated with a directly observed nonclassical noise reduction of 5.0 dB relative to the vacuumstate limit in a balanced homodyne detector (5.2 dB when corrected for detector noise). Although our source is potentially broadly tunable over the noncritical phase-matching bandwidth of potassium niobate, current research has concentrated on operation at 852 nm for excitation of the D2 line of atomic cesium. Relative to the usual quantum limit associated with vacuumstate fluctuations, enhanced sensitivity is demonstrated for the detection of Doppler-free resonances in FM saturation spectroscopy, with an improvement of 3.1 dB directly observed and 3.8 dB after correction for detector noise.
We have discussed the possibilities of correlation spectroscopy (light beating spectroscopy) technique if squeezed light is used as a probe radiation for medium monitoring. The dispersion of the fluctuation of photocurrent spectrum measured in this method is expressed in terms of fourth order photocurrent correlation function. This correlation function is considered and evaluated in assumptions of photodetection theory developed by Glauber in first nonvanishing orders in interaction of probe light with the atoms of a photodetector. We show that fourth order correlation function is determined by all field TN-ordered amplitude correlation functions up to the fourth order. In case of heterodyne detection, when the light incident on photodetector surface is the mix of strong coherent modes of local oscillator wave and weak non-coherent (squeezed) modes, the observable (photocurrent spectrum) as well as its fluctuation (noise of photocurrent spectrum) is expressed in terms of spectrum-dependent Mandel parameter. We have discussed possible improvement of sensitivity limit for correlation spectroscopy in this case.
A frequency-tunable source of squeezed light would allow investigations of the atom-field interaction in a regime where fundamental new phenomena have been predicted.1 There are also opportunities for spectroscopy with sensitivity beyond the shot-noise limit. Toward these objectives, in our experiment we employ a single-frequency Ti-sapphire laser with tuning optimized around 852 nm (cesium resonance transition). The infrared output of the laser is frequency doubled in an external buildup cavity with a KNbO3 crystal as the nonlinear element. Efficient doubling provides 0.65 W of tunable blue output for 1.35 W of infrared input. This blue output is then used to pump an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) containing a second KNbO3 crystal for downconversion back to the infrared. The high power of the blue pump that we have achieved and the large nonlinearity of KNbO3 allows us to employ an OPO that is resonant only for the subharmonic infrared light. This design facilitates tuning of the OPO compared with the case in which the blue pump and the infrared are both resonant. The doubling cavity, OPO, and laser itself are locked relative to a stable reference cavity by an rf sideband technique, thus providing the possibility for tunability of the system with a single knob.