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Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements

A potential new frequency/wavelength standard at 778 nm: Doppler free two-photon transitions in rubidium

Yves P. Millerioux, R. Felder, Driss Touahri, O. Acef, Laurent Hilico, Andr  Clairon, F. Biraben, B. de Beauvoir, Lucile Julien, F. Nez

Published Dec 17, 2002• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have stabilized two laser diodes on the hyperfine components of the 5D/sub 3/2/ and 5D/sub 5/2/ two-photon transitions in natural rubidium (v=385 THz). We have carefully investigated the metrological features of these devices. So far we obtain a frequency stability in terms of the Allan variance of 3.10/sup -13/./spl tau//sup - 1/2 / up to 2000 s and a frequency repeatability of the order of 10/sup -12/. The frequency difference between the two devices is 1.7 kHz under identical operating conditions.>

DOI
10.1109/cpem.1994.333398

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arXiv:physics/0410256•Laser Physics Letters•Nov 3, 2004•37 citations
We have stabilized two laser diodes on the hyperfine components of the 5D/sub 3/2/ and 5D/sub 5/2/ two-photon transitions in natural rubidium (v=385 THz). We have carefully investigated the metrological features of these devices. So far we obtain a frequency stability in terms of the Allan variance of 3.10/sup -13/./spl tau//sup - 1/2 / up to 2000 s and a frequency repeatability of the order of 10/sup -12/. The frequency difference between the two devices is 1.7 kHz under identical operating conditions.>
The absolute frequency measurement of each hyperfine component of the 5S3/2 and 5S5/2 levels in rubidium was done at ENS more than one year ago using Ti-Sa lasers. We built two devices based on diode lasers to study some metrological properties. We measure the frequency differences between hyperfine components of the 5S5/2 level and we calculate the corresponding hyperfine constants. We also measure the frequency interval between the 5S3/2 and 5S5/2 levels using a Schottky diode. The measured stability in terms of Allan variance is 3*10-13t-1/2 up to 2000 s. The light shift is investigated and the difference between our two systems is 1.7 kHz. The repeatability of one system is better than 10-12 and will allow the absolute frequency measurement at this level via the LPTF frequency synthesis chain.
We have developed frequency standards at 192.6 THz (1556.2 nm) based on the two-photon transitions in rubidium at 385.2 THz (778.1 nm). These standards use a high power DFB laser at 1556.2 nm and second harmonic generation (SHG) in a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal. The linewidth of the DFB is reduced to the kHz level using optical feedback from a confocal cavity. The SH light is used to injection-lock a 778.1 nm laser diode which allows to observe and lock the 1556.2 nm laser to the (5S/sub 1/2/,F/sub g/=2-5D/sub 5/2/,F/sub e/=4) two-photon transition /sup 87/Rb. Allan variance measurements between identical standards show a beat stability 2.5/spl times/10/sup -13///spl tau//sup 1/2/ for observation times between 100 ms and 10 s and a level of 5.8/spl times/10/sup -14/ for 100 s is obtained. These standards have been moved recently to the National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada in order to measure their absolute frequency.
The authors present the result of a study on the realization of an optical frequency standard based on a laser diode frequency-locked to Doppler resonance limited and sub-Doppler resonances of the /sup 87/Rb D/sub 2/-line (5S/sub 1/2/ from or to 5P/sub 3/2/, 780.027 nm). The characteristics of the signals obtained from the resonant phase-conjugate reflection, the nonlinear magnetic optical activity, and the saturated absorption are compared to the characteristics of the linear absorption signal. Improvement of laser diode frequency stability is discussed for these techniques. The experimental results indicate that the more complicated the system, the better defined is the reference line.>
This is a progress report on the realization of a compact and transportable frequency standard at 1556 nm based on a two-photon transition in rubidium at 778 nm. These hyperfine transitions present great metrological interest. They have a narrow theoretical linewidth of 150 kHz when observed with a 1556 nm laser, and their absolute frequency is known with an uncertainty of 5.2 X 10-12. In this experiment, we use a high power 1556 nm DFB laser and reduce its linewidth to the 10 kHz level using optical feedback from a confocal cavity. We generate its second harmonic in a periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal and use this signal to injection-lock a Fabry-Perot laser emitting 42 mW at 778 nm. The slave laser is used to observe the Doppler-free two- photon transitions: two counter-propagating beams excite rubidium atoms which emit a blue fluorescence on resonance. This 420 nm light is detected on the side of the Rb cell with a photomultiplier. Such an optical frequency standard at 1556 nm, standing in the multiwavelength telecommunications systems window, becomes an attractive source for absolute frequency calibration of WDM components, optical spectrum analyzers and wavemeters.
The authors present the result of a study on the realization of an optical frequency standard based on a laser diode frequency-locked to Doppler resonance limited and sub-Doppler resonances of the /sup 87/Rb D/sub 2/-line (5S/sub 1/2/ from or to 5P/sub 3/2/, 780.027 nm). The characteristics of the signals obtained from the resonant phase-conjugate reflection, the nonlinear magnetic optical activity, and the saturated absorption are compared to the characteristics of the linear absorption signal. Improvement of laser diode frequency stability is discussed for these techniques. The experimental results indicate that the more complicated the system, the better defined is the reference line. >
We have performed high resolution spectroscopy of rubidium with a single mode continuous wave distributed feedback (DFB) laser diode. The saturation spectrum of the D 2 -line of 85 Rb and 87 Rb was recorded with a resolution close to the natural line width. The emission frequency was actively stabilized to Doppler-free transitions with a relative accuracy of better than 7 parts in 10 9 using commercially available servo devices only. An output power of 80 mW was sufficient to allow for two-photon spectroscopy of the 5S-5D-transition of 87 Rb. Further, we report on the spectral properties of the DFB diode, its tuning range and its frequency modulation properties. The line width of the diode laser, determined with high resolution Doppler free two photon spectroscopy, was 4 MHz without applying any active stabilization techniques. For time scales below 5 μs the line width drops below 2 MHz.