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arXiv:2605.29929

Restoring Velocity Immunity via Dynamic Mirror Compensation in a Large-Area Dual-Atom-Interferometer Gyroscope

Jie Gu, Yin-fei Mao, Zhan-Wei Yao, An-qing Zhang, Si-Bin Lu, Shao-kang Li, Min Jiang, Xiao-Li Chen, Min Ke, Xi Chen, Run-Bing Li, Jin Wang, Ming-Sheng Zhan

physics.atom-phquant-phSubmitted May 28, 2026• Announced May 29, 2026• 0 citations• Revised May 29, 2026 (v2)
v1 · May 28, 2026v2 · May 29, 2026
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Abstract

We propose and demonstrate a dynamical mirror compensation scheme to restore velocity immunity in a large-area dual-atom-interferometer gyroscope. In an ideal Mach-Zehnder configuration, the phase shift is inherently immune to atomic velocity, but this property is broken by the Earth's rotation via the Coriolis effect. We overcome this by actively rotating the Raman mirrors during the pulse sequence to cancel the time-dependent angular offset. The implementation relies on a decouplable calibration-compensation chain to remove rotation-induced time-dependent terms. The scheme is validated on a dual-atom-interferometer gyroscope with an interference area of 21.1 cm^2. After compensation, the phase's dependence on atomic velocity is reduced 40-fold, and the velocity contribution to scale-factor stability is evaluated to be 0.13 ppm. The sensor achieves a rotation sensitivity of 1.3\times10^{-8} rad/s/Hz^{1/2} and a stability of 1.9\times10^{-10} rad/s at 4500 s integration, together with a common-mode noise rejection ratio of up to 459, demonstrated in a seismic event. This work removes a key obstacle to scale-factor stabilization in atom-interferometer gyroscopes and paves the way for their applications in inertial navigation and geophysics.

Comments
6 pages, 5 figures

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We propose and demonstrate a dynamical mirror compensation scheme to restore velocity immunity in a large-area dual-atom-interferometer gyroscope. In an ideal Mach-Zehnder configuration, the phase shift is inherently immune to atomic velocity, but this property is broken by the Earth's rotation via the Coriolis effect. We overcome this by actively rotating the Raman mirrors during the pulse sequence to cancel the time-dependent angular offset. The implementation relies on a decouplable calibration-compensation chain to remove rotation-induced time-dependent terms. The scheme is validated on a dual-atom-interferometer gyroscope with an interference area of 21.1 cm^2. After compensation, the phase's dependence on atomic velocity is reduced 40-fold, and the velocity contribution to scale-factor stability is evaluated to be 0.13 ppm. The sensor achieves a rotation sensitivity of 1.3\times10^{-8} rad/s/Hz^{1/2} and a stability of 1.9\times10^{-10} rad/s at 4500 s integration, together with a common-mode noise rejection ratio of up to 459, demonstrated in a seismic event. This work removes a key obstacle to scale-factor stabilization in atom-interferometer gyroscopes and paves the way for their applications in inertial navigation and geophysics.
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Atom-interferometer-based gyroscopes are expected to have a wide range of applications due to their high sensitivity; however, their dynamic range is limited by dephasing from the velocity-dependent Sagnac phase shift and the longitudinal velocity distribution of the atoms, restricting measurements of large angular velocities. In this study, we present a method for restoring the contrast deterioration in angular velocity measurements with interferometer gyroscopes using atomic beams. We show that by introducing a pseudorotation effect with appropriate two-photon detunings for Raman light in the interferometer, it is possible to effectively cancel the Sagnac phase shift for all atoms in the velocity distribution of the beam. Consequently, the contrast is unaffected by the rotation. Furthermore, we apply this method to an interferometer gyroscope with counterpropagating atomic beams sharing the same Raman light. It is found that the angular velocity of the system can be estimated through the detuning point where the phase difference between the two interferometers is zero. This approach ensures that the scale factor of the atom interferometer gyroscope is independent of the change in the longitudinal velocity distribution of the atomic beam. We demonstrate our technique using an interferometer gyroscope with thermal atomic beams of rubidium-87, achieving a measurement of angular velocity of $1.0{\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}/\mathrm{s}$ even with an acceleration of 0.68m/s20.68\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}0.68m/s2 on a three-axis rotation table. This simple and robust dispersion-compensation method with Raman-light detuning will benefit dynamic angular velocity measurements in field applications such as the inertial navigation of vehicles.
We propose and demonstrate a method for calibrating atomic trajectories in a large-area dual-atom-interferometer gyroscope. The atom trajectories are monitored by modulating and delaying the Raman transition, and they are precisely calibrated by controlling the laser orientation and the bias magnetic field. To improve the immunity to the gravity effect and the common phase noise, the symmetry and the overlap of two large-area atomic interference loops are optimized by calibrating the atomic trajectories and by aligning the Raman-laser orientations. The dual-atom-interferometer gyroscope is applied in the measurement of the Earth's rotation. The sensitivity is $1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ rad $\mathrm{s}{}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\text{Hz}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$, and the long-term stability is $6.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ rad/s at 2000 s.
A dual-atom-interferometer gyroscope has high sensitivity for accurate rotation measurements because of its immunity to common-mode noise. However, a measurement error is induced as the common phase noise, e.g., vibration noise, increases. In this work, we demonstrated a real-time compensation (RTC) scheme to improve the accuracy of measurements of the differential phase in dual atom interferometers. The vibration noise was measured by two seismometers and its induced phase shift was fed back to the Raman lasers after this shift was calculated based on the sensitivity function of the atom interferometers. After the RTC module was applied, the interference signals obtained via the square modulation method were stabilized at their midfringe points, which caused the vibration-induced phase noise for each of the atom interferometers to decrease from 495 mrad to 165 mrad. The differential phase error obtained by the dual atom interferometers and two seismometers was reduced from 114.8 mrad to 49.6 mrad, which implies that the rotation measurement error was improved by a factor of 2.3. This work paves the way to accurately measuring the rotation signal and has promising applications in fields of precision measurements.
We demonstrate a closed-loop light-pulse atom-interferometer inertial sensor that can realize continuous decoupled measurements of acceleration and rotation rate. The sensor operates with double-loop atom interferometers, which share the same Raman light pulses in a spatially separated Mach-Zehnder configuration and use continuous cold atomic beams propagating in opposite directions from two 2D+{\text{2D}}^{+}2D+ magneto-optical trappings. Acceleration and the rotation rate are decoupled and simultaneously measured by the sum and difference of dual-atom-interferometer signals, respectively. The sensitivities of inertial measurements are also increased to be approximately 1.86 times higher than that of a single atom interferometer. The acceleration phase shift is compensated in real time by phase locking these interferometers via the Raman laser phases from the sum-interferometer signal, and the gyroscope performance is improved. We achieve long-term stabilities of $6.1\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{\ensuremath{\mu}}\text{g}$ and 840 nrad/s for the acceleration and the rotation rate, respectively, using a short interrogation time of 0.87 ms (interference area A=0.097mm2A=0.097\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{mm}}^{2}A=0.097mm2). This work provides a building block for an atomic interferometer-based inertial measurement unit for use in field applications that require a high data rate and high stability.
We present an interferometric inertial sensor that utilizes two counter-propagating atomic beams with transverse two-dimensional cooling. By employing three parallel and spatially aligned Raman laser beams for Doppler-sensitive Raman transitions, we successfully generate inertia-sensitive Mach-Zehnder interference fringes with an interrogation length of 2L = 54 cm. The sensor’s capability to measure rotation and acceleration simultaneously in dynamic environments is validated through comparative analysis with classical sensors under force oscillation in different directions. Additionally, we conduct experiments on a turntable to calibrate the gyroscope’s scaling factor and address nonlinearity. The angular random walk (ARW) and velocity random walk (VRW) of the sensor are 3×10−4 °/√h and 107 μg/√Hz, respectively, with the long-term stability reaching 9 × 10−4 °/h for rotation and 10 μg for acceleration at an integration time of 1000 s.