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arXiv:1711.05872 · Physical Review A

Calibration of atomic trajectories in a large-area dual-atom-interferometer gyroscope

Zhan-Wei Yao, Si-Bin Lu, Runbing Li, Jun Luo, Jin Wang, Mingsheng Zhan

Published Jan 17, 2018• 32 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We propose and demonstrate a method for calibrating atomic trajectories in a large-area dual-atom-interferometer gyroscope. The atom trajectories are monitored by modulating and delaying the Raman transition, and they are precisely calibrated by controlling the laser orientation and the bias magnetic field. To improve the immunity to the gravity effect and the common phase noise, the symmetry and the overlap of two large-area atomic interference loops are optimized by calibrating the atomic trajectories and by aligning the Raman-laser orientations. The dual-atom-interferometer gyroscope is applied in the measurement of the Earth's rotation. The sensitivity is $1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ rad $\mathrm{s}{}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\text{Hz}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$, and the long-term stability is $6.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ rad/s at 2000 s.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.97.013620

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We propose and demonstrate a method for calibrating atomic trajectories in a large-area dual-atom-interferometer gyroscope. The atom trajectories are monitored by modulating and delaying the Raman transition, and they are precisely calibrated by controlling the laser orientation and the bias magnetic field. To improve the immunity to the gravity effect and the common phase noise, the symmetry and the overlap of two large-area atomic interference loops are optimized by calibrating the atomic trajectories and by aligning the Raman-laser orientations. The dual-atom-interferometer gyroscope is applied in the measurement of the Earth's rotation. The sensitivity is 1.2\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−61.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}1.2\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−6 rad s\ensuremath−1\mathrm{s}{}^{\ensuremath{-}1}s\ensuremath−1 Hz\ensuremath−1/2{\text{Hz}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}Hz\ensuremath−1/2, and the long-term stability is 6.2\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−86.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}6.2\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−8 rad/s at 2000 s.
We report a Mach-Zehnder-type dual-atom-interferometer gyroscope with an interrogation arm of 40-cm length and the interference area up to 1.2cm21.2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}1.2cm2. The precise angular alignment of the large-scale separated Raman lasers is demonstrated by seeking the phase intersection of Ramsey-$\mathrm{Bord}\stackrel{\ifmmode \acute{}\else \'{}\fi{}}{\mathrm{e}}$ interferometers after the gravity effect is compensated and by decoupling the velocity dependent cross-talk phase shifts, and applied to build the Mach-Zehnder atom interferometer. Then a compact inertial rotation sensor is realized based on dual large-area Mach-Zehnder atom interferometers by precisely aligning the large-scale separated Raman lasers, in which the coherence is well preserved and the common noise is differentially suppressed. The sensor presents a sensitivity of $1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ rad/s/Hz1/2\mathrm{rad}/\mathrm{s}/{\mathrm{Hz}}^{1/2}rad/s/Hz1/2, and a stability of $9.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{rad}/\mathrm{s}$ at 23000 s. The absolute rotation measurement is carried out by adjusting the atomic velocity which corresponds to modulating the scale factor.
We present a precision atom interferometry gyroscope with a Sagnac area of 6.0 cm 2 . To drive the cold atom interferometry gyroscope, we utilize two sets of Raman beams with a pulse sequence of π /2- π - π - π /2. We present a procedure for aligning the two sets of Raman beams at the microradian level by making use of the atom interferometer itself in different configurations. Additionally, we measured the atomic cloud trajectory and implemented a spatial symmetry alignment for the atom interferometer. With these improvements, we construct a sensitive atom gyroscope with a stability of 1 nrad/s at an integration time of 10000 s. We analyzed the influence of Raman beams and the limitations of the system, and present the technical limits to the sensitivity and long-term stability. Finally, we point out the primary sources of noise in the atom interferometry gyroscope, clearing the way for the construction of further large-area atom gyroscopes.
Atom-interferometer gyroscopes have attracted much attention for their long-term stability and extremely low drift. For such high-precision instruments, self-calibration to achieve an absolute rotation measurement is critical. In this work, we propose and demonstrate the self-calibration of an atom-interferometer gyroscope. This calibration is realized by using the detuning of the laser frequency to control the atomic velocity, thus modulating the scale factor of the gyroscope. The modulation determines the order and the initial phase of the interference stripe, thus eliminating the ambiguity caused by the periodicity of the interferometric signal. This self-calibration method is validated through a measurement of the Earth's rotation rate, and a relative uncertainty of 162 ppm is achieved. Long-term stable and self-calibrated atom-interferometer gyroscopes have important applications in the fields of fundamental physics, geophysics, and long-time navigation.
We propose and demonstrate a dynamical mirror compensation scheme to restore velocity immunity in a large-area dual-atom-interferometer gyroscope. In an ideal Mach-Zehnder configuration, the phase shift is inherently immune to atomic velocity, but this property is broken by the Earth's rotation via the Coriolis effect. We overcome this by actively rotating the Raman mirrors during the pulse sequence to cancel the time-dependent angular offset. The implementation relies on a decouplable calibration-compensation chain to remove rotation-induced time-dependent terms. The scheme is validated on a dual-atom-interferometer gyroscope with an interference area of 21.1 cm^2. After compensation, the phase's dependence on atomic velocity is reduced 40-fold, and the velocity contribution to scale-factor stability is evaluated to be 0.13 ppm. The sensor achieves a rotation sensitivity of 1.3\times10^{-8} rad/s/Hz^{1/2} and a stability of 1.9\times10^{-10} rad/s at 4500 s integration, together with a common-mode noise rejection ratio of up to 459, demonstrated in a seismic event. This work removes a key obstacle to scale-factor stabilization in atom-interferometer gyroscopes and paves the way for their applications in inertial navigation and geophysics.
Abstract In closed-loop dual-atom interferometers, the initial phase shift is a non-inertial phase induced by Raman pulses. This initial optical phase affects the measurements of both acceleration and rotation rate. In this study, we present a method to modulate the initial optical phase of light pulse atom interferometers (LPAIs). Employing this modulation method, we investigated the influence of the initial optical phase on a closed-loop dual-atom interferometer. The results reveal a better short-term sensitivity in the rotation rate measurement at an initial optical phase of 0. Our closed-loop dual-atom interferometer allows for decoupled measurements of rotation rate and acceleration. With a short interrogation time of 2T = 1.73 ms, the short-term sensitivities of the rotation rate and acceleration measurements are 2.73 × 10 − 5 ( rad / s ) / Hz and 272 μ g / Hz , respectively.
A dual-atom-interferometer gyroscope has high sensitivity for accurate rotation measurements because of its immunity to common-mode noise. However, a measurement error is induced as the common phase noise, e.g., vibration noise, increases. In this work, we demonstrated a real-time compensation (RTC) scheme to improve the accuracy of measurements of the differential phase in dual atom interferometers. The vibration noise was measured by two seismometers and its induced phase shift was fed back to the Raman lasers after this shift was calculated based on the sensitivity function of the atom interferometers. After the RTC module was applied, the interference signals obtained via the square modulation method were stabilized at their midfringe points, which caused the vibration-induced phase noise for each of the atom interferometers to decrease from 495 mrad to 165 mrad. The differential phase error obtained by the dual atom interferometers and two seismometers was reduced from 114.8 mrad to 49.6 mrad, which implies that the rotation measurement error was improved by a factor of 2.3. This work paves the way to accurately measuring the rotation signal and has promising applications in fields of precision measurements.