© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

Terms Privacy Legal Notice

arXiv:2504.09224 · Physical Review Applied

Optimization of the threshold for degenerate optical parametric oscillations in a bichromatically pumped microresonator

Nadezhda S. Tatarinova, Artem E. Shitikov, Georgii V. Grechko, Alexander K. Vorobyev, Anatoly Viktorovich Masalov, Igor A. Bilenko, Dmitry A. Chermoshentsev, Valery E. Lobanov

Published Jul 1, 2025• 5 citations

Abstract

Integrated microring resonators have a broad range of applications in diverse fields with the potential to design compact, robust, energy-efficient devices crucial for quantum applications. Degenerate optical parametric oscillations (DOPOs) realized in dual-pumped microring resonator with third-order optical nonlinearity are of special interest. They demonstrate both bistability of the phase of the excited signal mode and generation of nonclassical light, which can be used for coherent photonic computing. Using coupled mode equations, we perform a comprehensive numerical analysis of DOPO conditions with normal group velocity dispersion and with bichromatic pumping. Through analytical and numerical approaches, we identify optimal setup parameter values that minimize the threshold power, highlighting the importance of considering the full spectrum of mode interactions. Additionally, we show that dispersion engineering, achievable in photonic molecules or photonic crystal microresonators, may provide a targeted frequency shift of specific microresonator modes resulting in pump power threshold reduction.

DOI: 10.1103/xphr-cml2

Related papers

Dynamics and Stability of On-Chip Dual-Pumped Degenerate Optical Parametric Oscillation

Luca O. Trinchão, Eduardo S. Gonçalves, Luiz Peres +5 more

Degenerate optical parametric oscillation (DOPO) is a versatile platform for generating binary phase-states of light, with demonstrated applications in on-chip random number generation (RNG) [1] and coherent Ising Machines (IM) [2]. Kerr-based DOPOs rely on a dual-pumped spontaneous four-wave mixing process with degenerate signal and idler fields. However, DOPO is susceptible to instabilities that limit its applicability [3], and identifying stable operation parameters remains challenging. Here, we experimentally investigate the dynamics and stability of dual-pumped DOPO in a silicon nitride microring resonator in the anomalous dispersion regime.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)•Jun 23, 2025•0 citations

Optimization of degenerate four-wave mixing threshold parameters in dual-pumped microresonator

Nadezhda S. Tatarinova, Anatoly Viktorovich Masalov, Artem E. Shitikov +3 more

The numerical and analytical analyses were conducted to determine the optimal parameters of a bichromatically pumped microring resonator system, focusing on the generation process of squeezed light states.

International Conference Laser Optics (ICLO)•Jul 1, 2024•0 citations

Harnessing optical parametric processes with photonic molecules

Gustavo S. Wiederhecker, Nathália B. Tomazio, Luca O. Trinchão +4 more

In this talk I will review our recent results in the field of optical parametric oscillation. In particular, the demonstration of Degenerate Optical Parametric Oscillation (DOPO) using a phase-coherent dual-tone pump scheme will be discussed. This work highlights the potential of photonic molecules as a platform for achieving high-quality DOPO, which could have important applications in areas such as quantum communication, quantum cryptography, and quantum computing. The phase-matching conditions are carefully controlled to achieve maximum DOPO efficiency, and the results show that the DOPO signal can be efficiently generated and optimized. This work opens new avenues for further investigation in the field of DOPO and its applications.

Smart Photonic and Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits•Mar 8, 2024•0 citations

Degenerate squeezing in a dual-pumped integrated microresonator: Parasitic processes and their suppression

Hossein Seifoory, Z. Vernon, Dylan H. Mahler +3 more

Using a general Hamiltonian treatment, we theoretically study the generation of degenerate quadrature squeezing in a dual-pumped integrated microring resonator coupled to a waveguide. Considering a dual-pump four-wave mixing configuration in an integrated ${\text{Si}}_{3}{\text{N}}_{4}$ platform, and following the coupled-mode theory approach, we investigate the effects of parasitic quantum nonlinear optical processes on the generation of squeezed light. Considering five resonance modes in this approach allows us to include the most important four-wave mixing processes involved in such a configuration. We theoretically explore the effects of the pump detunings on different nonlinear processes and show that the effects of some of the parasitic processes are effectively neutralized by symmetrically detuning the two pumps. This yields a significant enhancement in the output squeezing quality without physically changing the structure, but suffers from the trade-off of requiring substantially higher pump power for a fixed target level of squeezing.

arXiv:2109.03298•Physical Review A•Mar 28, 2022•27 citations

Integrated Photonic Quantum Random Number Generators by Silicon Nitride Microring Resonators

Menglong He, Ming Yin, Marc Geitz +1 more

We focus on an integrated all-optical quantum random number generator (QRNG) based on the bi-phase states of degenerate optical parametric oscillators (DOPOs), implemented using a silicon nitride microresonator driven by dual pumps. In our numerical analysis, we present a comparative study of phase bifurcation in DOPOs initialized under four distinct noise schemes. As a representative case, we simulate random number generation in the Kerr-based microresonator at a rate of 10 MHz for each noise model by using stochastic differential equations.

IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT)•Oct 27, 2025•0 citations

Quadrature squeezing in a degenerate optical parametric oscillator in the above-threshold regime

Kokeb B. Benti, Desalegn Ayehu

A degenerate optical parametric oscillator (DOPO) in the above threshold regime is a prominent source of squeezed field. In this study, a driven DOPO whose pump mode is coupled to a thermal bath while the signal mode is coupled to a squeezed vacuum reservoir is explored to understand the effect of the external squeezed light and the thermal fluctuations on the squeezing properties of both the intracavity and output pump and signal modes. Our findings showed that the injected squeezed vacuum reservoir enables the intracavity squeezing to surpass the maximum squeezing limit of 50% attainable in a DOPO coupled to an ordinary vacuum reservoir. We also found that the maximum squeezing of the output signal mode shifts from resonance to off-resonance in the presence of the injected squeezed vacuum field. Furthermore, the output pump mode exhibits nearly perfect squeezing for a squeezing parameter of r=2. Unlike the output signal mode, the maximum squeezing of the output pump mode occurs at resonance in the presence of the injected squeezed vacuum reservoir. Moreover, a considerable amount of squeezing is observed even in the presence of thermal fluctuations, as they are counterbalanced by the external squeezed light. Notably, relative damping rate between the pump and signal modes is observed to be a parameter that significantly influences squeezing, indicating the importance of optimizing the amount of damping depending on the intended purpose of the DOPO.

Results in Optics•Mar 1, 2026•0 citations

Integrated microring resonators have a broad range of applications in diverse fields with the potential to design compact, robust, energy-efficient devices crucial for quantum applications. Degenerate optical parametric oscillations (DOPOs) realized in dual-pumped microring resonator with third-order optical nonlinearity are of special interest. They demonstrate both bistability of the phase of the excited signal mode and generation of nonclassical light, which can be used for coherent photonic computing. Using coupled mode equations, we perform a comprehensive numerical analysis of DOPO conditions with normal group velocity dispersion and with bichromatic pumping. Through analytical and numerical approaches, we identify optimal setup parameter values that minimize the threshold power, highlighting the importance of considering the full spectrum of mode interactions. Additionally, we show that dispersion engineering, achievable in photonic molecules or photonic crystal microresonators, may provide a targeted frequency shift of specific microresonator modes resulting in pump power threshold reduction.

Degenerate optical parametric oscillation (DOPO) is a versatile platform for generating binary phase-states of light, with demonstrated applications in on-chip random number generation (RNG) [1] and coherent Ising Machines (IM) [2]. Kerr-based DOPOs rely on a dual-pumped spontaneous four-wave mixing process with degenerate signal and idler fields. However, DOPO is susceptible to instabilities that limit its applicability [3], and identifying stable operation parameters remains challenging. Here, we experimentally investigate the dynamics and stability of dual-pumped DOPO in a silicon nitride microring resonator in the anomalous dispersion regime.

In this talk I will review our recent results in the field of optical parametric oscillation. In particular, the demonstration of Degenerate Optical Parametric Oscillation (DOPO) using a phase-coherent dual-tone pump scheme will be discussed. This work highlights the potential of photonic molecules as a platform for achieving high-quality DOPO, which could have important applications in areas such as quantum communication, quantum cryptography, and quantum computing. The phase-matching conditions are carefully controlled to achieve maximum DOPO efficiency, and the results show that the DOPO signal can be efficiently generated and optimized. This work opens new avenues for further investigation in the field of DOPO and its applications.

Using a general Hamiltonian treatment, we theoretically study the generation of degenerate quadrature squeezing in a dual-pumped integrated microring resonator coupled to a waveguide. Considering a dual-pump four-wave mixing configuration in an integrated

{\text{Si}}_{3}{\text{N}}_{4}

platform, and following the coupled-mode theory approach, we investigate the effects of parasitic quantum nonlinear optical processes on the generation of squeezed light. Considering five resonance modes in this approach allows us to include the most important four-wave mixing processes involved in such a configuration. We theoretically explore the effects of the pump detunings on different nonlinear processes and show that the effects of some of the parasitic processes are effectively neutralized by symmetrically detuning the two pumps. This yields a significant enhancement in the output squeezing quality without physically changing the structure, but suffers from the trade-off of requiring substantially higher pump power for a fixed target level of squeezing.

We focus on an integrated all-optical quantum random number generator (QRNG) based on the bi-phase states of degenerate optical parametric oscillators (DOPOs), implemented using a silicon nitride microresonator driven by dual pumps. In our numerical analysis, we present a comparative study of phase bifurcation in DOPOs initialized under four distinct noise schemes. As a representative case, we simulate random number generation in the Kerr-based microresonator at a rate of 10 MHz for each noise model by using stochastic differential equations.

A degenerate optical parametric oscillator (DOPO) in the above threshold regime is a prominent source of squeezed field. In this study, a driven DOPO whose pump mode is coupled to a thermal bath while the signal mode is coupled to a squeezed vacuum reservoir is explored to understand the effect of the external squeezed light and the thermal fluctuations on the squeezing properties of both the intracavity and output pump and signal modes. Our findings showed that the injected squeezed vacuum reservoir enables the intracavity squeezing to surpass the maximum squeezing limit of 50% attainable in a DOPO coupled to an ordinary vacuum reservoir. We also found that the maximum squeezing of the output signal mode shifts from resonance to off-resonance in the presence of the injected squeezed vacuum field. Furthermore, the output pump mode exhibits nearly perfect squeezing for a squeezing parameter of r=2. Unlike the output signal mode, the maximum squeezing of the output pump mode occurs at resonance in the presence of the injected squeezed vacuum reservoir. Moreover, a considerable amount of squeezing is observed even in the presence of thermal fluctuations, as they are counterbalanced by the external squeezed light. Notably, relative damping rate between the pump and signal modes is observed to be a parameter that significantly influences squeezing, indicating the importance of optimizing the amount of damping depending on the intended purpose of the DOPO.