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IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT)

Integrated Photonic Quantum Random Number Generators by Silicon Nitride Microring Resonators

Menglong He, Ming Yin, Marc Geitz, Kambiz Jamshidi

Published Oct 27, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We focus on an integrated all-optical quantum random number generator (QRNG) based on the bi-phase states of degenerate optical parametric oscillators (DOPOs), implemented using a silicon nitride microresonator driven by dual pumps. In our numerical analysis, we present a comparative study of phase bifurcation in DOPOs initialized under four distinct noise schemes. As a representative case, we simulate random number generation in the Kerr-based microresonator at a rate of 10 MHz for each noise model by using stochastic differential equations.

DOI
10.1109/wf-iot64238.2025.11270582

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We focus on an integrated all-optical quantum random number generator (QRNG) based on the bi-phase states of degenerate optical parametric oscillators (DOPOs), implemented using a silicon nitride microresonator driven by dual pumps. In our numerical analysis, we present a comparative study of phase bifurcation in DOPOs initialized under four distinct noise schemes. As a representative case, we simulate random number generation in the Kerr-based microresonator at a rate of 10 MHz for each noise model by using stochastic differential equations.
We demonstrate an all-optical quantum random number generator using a dual-pumped degenerate optical parametric oscillator in a silicon nitride microresonator. The frequency-degenerate bi-phase state output is realized using parametric four-wave mixing in the normal group-velocity dispersion regime with two nondegenerate pumps. We achieve a random number generation rate of 2 MHz and verify the randomness of our output using the National Institute of Standards and Technology Statistical Test Suite. The scheme offers potential for a chip-scale random number generator with gigahertz generation rates and no postprocessing.
Degenerate optical parametric oscillation (DOPO) is a versatile platform for generating binary phase-states of light, with demonstrated applications in on-chip random number generation (RNG) [1] and coherent Ising Machines (IM) [2]. Kerr-based DOPOs rely on a dual-pumped spontaneous four-wave mixing process with degenerate signal and idler fields. However, DOPO is susceptible to instabilities that limit its applicability [3], and identifying stable operation parameters remains challenging. Here, we experimentally investigate the dynamics and stability of dual-pumped DOPO in a silicon nitride microring resonator in the anomalous dispersion regime.
Random numbers play an important role in many fields, such as computation, simulation and cryptography. The randomness inherent in quantum mechanics is a perfect source of entropy for a true random number generator. Nevertheless, many QRNG schemes require post-processing work to ensure randomness. On the other hand, the bit number of the QRNG is limited, which hamper its further applications. Here, we demonstrate a novel 5-bit all free space optical quantum random number generator based on a time-division-multiplexed degenerate optical parametric oscillator (DOPO), which does not need a complicated experimental environment and tedious post-processing work. By inserting a multi-pass cell into the optical parametric oscillator, the equivalent cavity length is calculated to be as long as 15 m, which corresponds to fifth of the separation times of pump pulses. As a result, 5 identical DOPO pulses are generated simultaneously. The randomness comes from phase responses of degenerate OPOs. Under threshold, the photons produced by optical parametric down conversion have random initial phase, while above threshold, stable oscillations occurs in one of the two possible phase states. Random number is reliably verified by measuring the relative phase states between DOPO output pulses and the original pump pulse using a fast response photodiode. All spatial structures have the advantages of higher stability and are less sensitive to temperature fluctuation. The bit number can be readily multiplied by increasing the cavity length of DOPO or the repetition rate of the pump laser source.