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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Dynamics and Stability of On-Chip Dual-Pumped Degenerate Optical Parametric Oscillation

Luca O. Trinchão, Eduardo S. Gonçalves, Luiz Peres, Miguel Nienstedt, Paulo F. Jarschel, Nathália B. Tomazio, Thiago P. Mayer Alegre, Gustavo S. Wiederhecker

Published Jun 23, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Degenerate optical parametric oscillation (DOPO) is a versatile platform for generating binary phase-states of light, with demonstrated applications in on-chip random number generation (RNG) [1] and coherent Ising Machines (IM) [2]. Kerr-based DOPOs rely on a dual-pumped spontaneous four-wave mixing process with degenerate signal and idler fields. However, DOPO is susceptible to instabilities that limit its applicability [3], and identifying stable operation parameters remains challenging. Here, we experimentally investigate the dynamics and stability of dual-pumped DOPO in a silicon nitride microring resonator in the anomalous dispersion regime.

DOI
10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec65582.2025.11110531

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Degenerate optical parametric oscillation (DOPO) is a versatile platform for generating binary phase-states of light, with demonstrated applications in on-chip random number generation (RNG) [1] and coherent Ising Machines (IM) [2]. Kerr-based DOPOs rely on a dual-pumped spontaneous four-wave mixing process with degenerate signal and idler fields. However, DOPO is susceptible to instabilities that limit its applicability [3], and identifying stable operation parameters remains challenging. Here, we experimentally investigate the dynamics and stability of dual-pumped DOPO in a silicon nitride microring resonator in the anomalous dispersion regime.
Integrated microring resonators have a broad range of applications in diverse fields with the potential to design compact, robust, energy-efficient devices crucial for quantum applications. Degenerate optical parametric oscillations (DOPOs) realized in dual-pumped microring resonator with third-order optical nonlinearity are of special interest. They demonstrate both bistability of the phase of the excited signal mode and generation of nonclassical light, which can be used for coherent photonic computing. Using coupled mode equations, we perform a comprehensive numerical analysis of DOPO conditions with normal group velocity dispersion and with bichromatic pumping. Through analytical and numerical approaches, we identify optimal setup parameter values that minimize the threshold power, highlighting the importance of considering the full spectrum of mode interactions. Additionally, we show that dispersion engineering, achievable in photonic molecules or photonic crystal microresonators, may provide a targeted frequency shift of specific microresonator modes resulting in pump power threshold reduction.
We focus on an integrated all-optical quantum random number generator (QRNG) based on the bi-phase states of degenerate optical parametric oscillators (DOPOs), implemented using a silicon nitride microresonator driven by dual pumps. In our numerical analysis, we present a comparative study of phase bifurcation in DOPOs initialized under four distinct noise schemes. As a representative case, we simulate random number generation in the Kerr-based microresonator at a rate of 10 MHz for each noise model by using stochastic differential equations.
We demonstrate an all-optical quantum random number generator using a dual-pumped degenerate optical parametric oscillator in a silicon nitride microresonator. The frequency-degenerate bi-phase state output is realized using parametric four-wave mixing in the normal group-velocity dispersion regime with two nondegenerate pumps. We achieve a random number generation rate of 2 MHz and verify the randomness of our output using the National Institute of Standards and Technology Statistical Test Suite. The scheme offers potential for a chip-scale random number generator with gigahertz generation rates and no postprocessing.
In this talk I will review our recent results in the field of optical parametric oscillation. In particular, the demonstration of Degenerate Optical Parametric Oscillation (DOPO) using a phase-coherent dual-tone pump scheme will be discussed. This work highlights the potential of photonic molecules as a platform for achieving high-quality DOPO, which could have important applications in areas such as quantum communication, quantum cryptography, and quantum computing. The phase-matching conditions are carefully controlled to achieve maximum DOPO efficiency, and the results show that the DOPO signal can be efficiently generated and optimized. This work opens new avenues for further investigation in the field of DOPO and its applications.
Random numbers are of critical importance in many applications, including secure communication, photonics computing and cryptography. Due to the non-deterministic nature of the quantum processes, a degenerate optical parametric oscillator (DOPO) constitutes a solution to produce true randomness. Nevertheless, one of the existing challenges for DOPO in this field is bit sequence scalability. Here, we experimentally report on the generation of 5-bit random number streams in a time-multiplexed femtosecond DOPO system. A multi-pass cell is added to elongate the OPO cavity to scale up the bit sequences. To this end, for a ∼15 m long all free space OPO cavity, resonating 5 signal pulses with a repetition rate of 50 MHz is demonstrated. The above-threshold binary phase nature originates from vacuum fluctuations of a DOPO ensuring the randomness of the system. The phase state of the output is characterized by the interference pattern between the output pulses and the fundamental pump pulses. Different bit sequences are presented here by turning on and off the OPO. Conditional probability is performed to verify the randomness of the output for 1200 bits. Our scheme provides a new direction for an all-optical random number generator.