The effective field theory description of a radiating black hole introduces redundant degrees of freedom that necessitate annihilation of those modes at late stages to conserve entropy. The prevailing view is that such effective process can result in information loss unless the redundant states are annihilated in maximally entangled pairs, resembling quantum teleportation. In this Letter, we demonstrate that this view can be relaxed in a new postselection model. We investigate information recoverability in a radiating black hole through the non-unitary dynamics that projects the randomly-selected modes from a scrambling unitary. We show that the model has the merit of producing the von Neumann entropy of black holes consistent with the island formula calculation and that information in the black hole interior can be decoded from the Hawking radiation without loss after the Page time. Moreover, in this model the Page time gains a new interpretation as the transition point between two channels of information transmission when sufficient amounts of effective modes are annihilated inside the horizon. We present two decoding strategies along with their quantum circuit realizations. The experimental verification of the strategies employs 7-qubit IBM quantum processors, demonstrating the viability of these strategies and the potential for quantum processors to probe the black hole interior.
The effective field theory description of a radiating black hole introduces redundant degrees of freedom that necessitate annihilation of those modes at late stages to conserve entropy. The prevailing view is that such effective process can result in information loss unless the redundant states are annihilated in maximally entangled pairs, resembling quantum teleportation. In this Letter, we demonstrate that this view can be relaxed in a new postselection model. We investigate information recoverability in a radiating black hole through the non-unitary dynamics that projects the randomly-selected modes from a scrambling unitary. We show that the model has the merit of producing the von Neumann entropy of black holes consistent with the island formula calculation and that information in the black hole interior can be decoded from the Hawking radiation without loss after the Page time. Moreover, in this model the Page time gains a new interpretation as the transition point between two channels of information transmission when sufficient amounts of effective modes are annihilated inside the horizon. We present two decoding strategies along with their quantum circuit realizations. The experimental verification of the strategies employs 7-qubit IBM quantum processors, demonstrating the viability of these strategies and the potential for quantum processors to probe the black hole interior.
The non-isometric holographic model of the black hole interior stands out as a potential resolution of the long-standing black hole information puzzle since it remedies the friction between the effective calculation and the microscopic description. In this study, combining the final-state projection model, the non-isometric model of black hole interior and Hayden-Preskill thought experiment, we investigate the information recovery from decoding Hawking radiation and demonstrate the emergence of the Page time in this setup. We incorporate the effective modes into the scrambling inside the horizon, which are usually disregarded in Hayden-Preskill protocols, and show that the Page time can be identified as the transition of information transmission channels from the EPR projection to the local projections. This offers a new perspective on the Page time. We compute the decoupling condition under which retrieving information is feasible and show that this model computes the black hole entropy consistent with the quantum extremal surface calculation. Assuming the full knowledge of the dynamics of the black hole interior, we show how Yoshida-Kitaev decoding strategy can be employed in the modified Hayden-Preskill protocol. Furthermore, we perform experimental tests of both probabilistic and Grover's search decoding strategies on the 7-qubit IBM quantum processors to validate our analytical findings and confirm the feasibility of retrieving information in the non-isometric model. This study would stimulate more interests to explore black hole information problem on the quantum processors.
The nonisometric holographic model of the black hole interior stands out as a potential resolution of the long-standing black hole information puzzle since it remedies the friction between the effective calculation and the microscopic description. In this study, combining the final-state projection model, the nonisometric model of black hole interior, and Hayden-Preskill thought experiment, we investigate the information recovery from decoding Hawking radiation and demonstrate the emergence of the Page time in this setup. We incorporate the effective modes into the scrambling inside the horizon, which are usually disregarded in Hayden-Preskill protocols, and show that the Page time can be identified as the transition of information transmission channels from the EPR projection to the local projections. This offers a new perspective on the Page time. We compute the decoupling condition under which retrieving information is feasible and show that this model computes the black hole entropy consistent with the quantum extremal surface calculation. Assuming the full knowledge of the dynamics of the black hole interior, we show how Yoshida-Kitaev decoding strategy can be employed in the modified Hayden-Preskill protocol. Furthermore, we perform experimental tests of both probabilistic and Grover’s search decoding strategies on the seven-qubit IBM quantum processors to validate our analytical findings and confirm the feasibility of retrieving information in the nonisometric model. This study would stimulate more interest to explore black hole information problem on the quantum processors. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
This paper develops an interpretive reading of the black hole information problem within a consistency-history framework that distinguishes preservation, commitment, recoverability, feasible auditability, and public finality. Its central claim is narrow: the Page time should be understood as a transition in recoverability, not as the onset of redundant public facthood. In controlled island and quantum-extremal-surface models, an interior region associated with the black hole becomes reconstructible from the Hawking radiation after the Page transition. The paper redescribes this as a transition from hidden encoding to recoverable encoding. It does not derive the Page curve, the island formula, replica wormholes, or a solution to the black hole information problem; those results are supplied by the cited quantum-information and quantum-gravity literature. The paper argues that Hawking radiation is not, by itself, a Quantum-Darwinist broadcasting environment for the infalling microstate information. Recovery requires a large radiation region and a holistic decoding, while no small set of disjoint fragments independently carries the same infalling record. Recoverability-in-principle therefore remains distinct from strong public finality, which would require redundant, non-disturbing, and repeatable access by multiple independent observers. The Harlow–Hayden complexity barrier further separates formal reconstructibility from feasible auditability. On this reading, the Page curve schedules delayed recoverability rather than strong public finality. If the recovered information later becomes redundantly recorded in ordinary detectors and environments, that later public finality is a downstream process rather than something supplied by the black hole itself. The paper is interpretive and conceptual, has L2 status within the framework’s claim discipline, and makes no independent empirical prediction.
We study the fidelity of information retrieval in the black hole final state model by taking into account the interactions between the collapsing matter and the infalling Hawking radiation inside the event horizon . By utilizing a scrambling unitary operator to model these interactions, our direct calculations suggest that the information is almost lost during the process of black hole evaporation. We then proceed to employ the Yoshida-Kitaev decoding strategy for information retrieval. Although we observe a finite improvement in decoding fidelity, it does not reach unity. This indicates that the issue of unitarity in black hole evaporation may not be fully resolved within the framework of the final state model.
The core of the black hole information paradox is whether information falling into the horizon is completely lost during Hawking radiation. Based on connectivity engineering, this paper constructs a one-dimensional spin network with an effective horizon structure. We divide the system into a black hole interior (A) and exterior radiation (B), introducing a cross-horizon tunneling coupling ε. Numerical simulations show that the fidelity of the initial state in region A decays rapidly and plateaus, exhibiting a local information loss illusion; however, the quantum mutual information between regions A and B increases significantly. Furthermore, decoding operations based on the Hayden-Preskill protocol elevate the recovery fidelity to above 0.7 (far exceeding the random baseline), and the maximum entanglement capacity approaches the theoretical maximum 2 ln dim(A). This model requires no gravitational degrees of freedom and relies purely on many-body unitary evolution, providing a minimal deterministic dynamical example for the microscopic implementation of information conservation in Hawking radiation.
The complete evaporation of black holes, as a natural endpoint of Hawking radiation, gives rise to the black hole information paradox, which fundamentally challenges the principles of unitarity and information conservation in quantum mechanics. Although the AdS/CFT correspondence indicates that information is preserved during black hole evaporation, the precise mechanism by which it is recovered from the Hawking radiation remains an open question. To explore a potential resolution, we investigate information transfer in a spin-chain model featuring an effective horizon realized via position-dependent couplings within an XY spin chain. We derive and demonstrate Page curve-like behavior, and analyze the transmission of quantum resources, such as entanglement and coherence, across the effective horizon. Our results show that quantum resources initially localized within an interior subsystem can be transferred to the exterior via particle radiation through the horizon. This study provides a novel perspective from quantum simulation on how information may escape from black holes, thereby contributing to the further understanding of the black hole information paradox.