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Physical review. D/Physical review. D.

Information retrieval from Hawking radiation in the non-isometric model of black hole interior: Theory and quantum simulation

Ran Li, Xuanhua Wang, Kun Zhang, Jin Wang

Published Feb 5, 2024• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The nonisometric holographic model of the black hole interior stands out as a potential resolution of the long-standing black hole information puzzle since it remedies the friction between the effective calculation and the microscopic description. In this study, combining the final-state projection model, the nonisometric model of black hole interior, and Hayden-Preskill thought experiment, we investigate the information recovery from decoding Hawking radiation and demonstrate the emergence of the Page time in this setup. We incorporate the effective modes into the scrambling inside the horizon, which are usually disregarded in Hayden-Preskill protocols, and show that the Page time can be identified as the transition of information transmission channels from the EPR projection to the local projections. This offers a new perspective on the Page time. We compute the decoupling condition under which retrieving information is feasible and show that this model computes the black hole entropy consistent with the quantum extremal surface calculation. Assuming the full knowledge of the dynamics of the black hole interior, we show how Yoshida-Kitaev decoding strategy can be employed in the modified Hayden-Preskill protocol. Furthermore, we perform experimental tests of both probabilistic and Grover’s search decoding strategies on the seven-qubit IBM quantum processors to validate our analytical findings and confirm the feasibility of retrieving information in the nonisometric model. This study would stimulate more interest to explore black hole information problem on the quantum processors. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

DOI
10.1103/physrevd.109.044005

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•Oct 22, 2026•0 citations
The nonisometric holographic model of the black hole interior stands out as a potential resolution of the long-standing black hole information puzzle since it remedies the friction between the effective calculation and the microscopic description. In this study, combining the final-state projection model, the nonisometric model of black hole interior, and Hayden-Preskill thought experiment, we investigate the information recovery from decoding Hawking radiation and demonstrate the emergence of the Page time in this setup. We incorporate the effective modes into the scrambling inside the horizon, which are usually disregarded in Hayden-Preskill protocols, and show that the Page time can be identified as the transition of information transmission channels from the EPR projection to the local projections. This offers a new perspective on the Page time. We compute the decoupling condition under which retrieving information is feasible and show that this model computes the black hole entropy consistent with the quantum extremal surface calculation. Assuming the full knowledge of the dynamics of the black hole interior, we show how Yoshida-Kitaev decoding strategy can be employed in the modified Hayden-Preskill protocol. Furthermore, we perform experimental tests of both probabilistic and Grover’s search decoding strategies on the seven-qubit IBM quantum processors to validate our analytical findings and confirm the feasibility of retrieving information in the nonisometric model. This study would stimulate more interest to explore black hole information problem on the quantum processors. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
The non-isometric holographic model of the black hole interior stands out as a potential resolution of the long-standing black hole information puzzle since it remedies the friction between the effective calculation and the microscopic description. In this study, combining the final-state projection model, the non-isometric model of black hole interior and Hayden-Preskill thought experiment, we investigate the information recovery from decoding Hawking radiation and demonstrate the emergence of the Page time in this setup. We incorporate the effective modes into the scrambling inside the horizon, which are usually disregarded in Hayden-Preskill protocols, and show that the Page time can be identified as the transition of information transmission channels from the EPR projection to the local projections. This offers a new perspective on the Page time. We compute the decoupling condition under which retrieving information is feasible and show that this model computes the black hole entropy consistent with the quantum extremal surface calculation. Assuming the full knowledge of the dynamics of the black hole interior, we show how Yoshida-Kitaev decoding strategy can be employed in the modified Hayden-Preskill protocol. Furthermore, we perform experimental tests of both probabilistic and Grover's search decoding strategies on the 7-qubit IBM quantum processors to validate our analytical findings and confirm the feasibility of retrieving information in the non-isometric model. This study would stimulate more interests to explore black hole information problem on the quantum processors.
The effective field theory description of a radiating black hole introduces redundant degrees of freedom that necessitate annihilation of those modes at late stages to conserve entropy. The prevailing view is that such effective process can result in information loss unless the redundant states are annihilated in maximally entangled pairs, resembling quantum teleportation. In this Letter, we demonstrate that this view can be relaxed in a new postselection model. We investigate information recoverability in a radiating black hole through the non-unitary dynamics that projects the randomly-selected modes from a scrambling unitary. We show that the model has the merit of producing the von Neumann entropy of black holes consistent with the island formula calculation and that information in the black hole interior can be decoded from the Hawking radiation without loss after the Page time. Moreover, in this model the Page time gains a new interpretation as the transition point between two channels of information transmission when sufficient amounts of effective modes are annihilated inside the horizon. We present two decoding strategies along with their quantum circuit realizations. The experimental verification of the strategies employs 7-qubit IBM quantum processors, demonstrating the viability of these strategies and the potential for quantum processors to probe the black hole interior.
We studied the Hayden-Preskill thought experiment with the local projective measurement. Compared to the original model, the measurement is applied on the Hawking radiation that was emitted after throwing the quantum diary into the black hole. Within this setup, we explored various aspects of this model, including the information recovery from the black hole, the relation to the black hole final state proposal, the relation between the Yoshida-Kitaev protocol and Petz recovery map, the effects of the decoherence, and the quantum simulations of the decoding protocols. These aspects may provide us new insights into the non-perturbative nature of quantum black holes.
We studied the Hayden-Preskill thought experiment with the local projective measurement. Compared to the original model, the measurement is applied to the Hawking radiation that was emitted after throwing the quantum diary into the black hole. Within this setup, we explored the information recovery from the black hole utilizing the Yoshida-Kitaev probabilistic strategy and demonstrated a perfect decoding in the ideal case. Additionally, we analyzed the decoherence effects from the environment on the decoding protocol. It shows that errors represented by the depolarizing channel can reduce the decoding probability and fidelity, while errors represented by the dephasing channel do not affect the decoding protocol. Furthermore, we discussed various aspects of the current model, including its relation to the black hole final state proposal and the quantum simulations of the decoding protocols. Especially, employing the graphical representations, we provide an intuitive derivation of the equivalence between the Yoshida-Kitaev protocol and Petz recovery map.
We present two particular decoding procedures for reconstructing a quantum state from the Hawking radiation in the Hayden-Preskill thought experiment. We work in an idealized setting and represent the black hole and its entangled partner by nnn EPR pairs. The first procedure teleports the state thrown into the black hole to an outside observer by post-selecting on the condition that a sufficient number of EPR pairs remain undisturbed. The probability of this favorable event scales as 1/dA21/d_{A}^21/dA2​, where dAd_AdA​ is the Hilbert space dimension for the input state. The second procedure is deterministic and combines the previous idea with Grover's search. The decoding complexity is O(dAC)\mathcal{O}(d_{A}\mathcal{C})O(dA​C) where C\mathcal{C}C is the size of the quantum circuit implementing the unitary evolution operator UUU of the black hole. As with the original (non-constructive) decoding scheme, our algorithms utilize scrambling, where the decay of out-of-time-order correlators (OTOCs) guarantees faithful state recovery.
The core of the black hole information paradox is whether information falling into the horizon is completely lost during Hawking radiation. Based on connectivity engineering, this paper constructs a one-dimensional spin network with an effective horizon structure. We divide the system into a black hole interior (A) and exterior radiation (B), introducing a cross-horizon tunneling coupling ε. Numerical simulations show that the fidelity of the initial state in region A decays rapidly and plateaus, exhibiting a local information loss illusion; however, the quantum mutual information between regions A and B increases significantly. Furthermore, decoding operations based on the Hayden-Preskill protocol elevate the recovery fidelity to above 0.7 (far exceeding the random baseline), and the maximum entanglement capacity approaches the theoretical maximum 2 ln dim(A). This model requires no gravitational degrees of freedom and relies purely on many-body unitary evolution, providing a minimal deterministic dynamical example for the microscopic implementation of information conservation in Hawking radiation.