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[03]Black Hole Information Dynamics based on Geometric Decoupling: Scrambling, Mutual Information, and Quantum Decoding

Wenjun Luo

Published Oct 22, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The core of the black hole information paradox is whether information falling into the horizon is completely lost during Hawking radiation. Based on connectivity engineering, this paper constructs a one-dimensional spin network with an effective horizon structure. We divide the system into a black hole interior (A) and exterior radiation (B), introducing a cross-horizon tunneling coupling ε. Numerical simulations show that the fidelity of the initial state in region A decays rapidly and plateaus, exhibiting a local information loss illusion; however, the quantum mutual information between regions A and B increases significantly. Furthermore, decoding operations based on the Hayden-Preskill protocol elevate the recovery fidelity to above 0.7 (far exceeding the random baseline), and the maximum entanglement capacity approaches the theoretical maximum 2 ln dim(A). This model requires no gravitational degrees of freedom and relies purely on many-body unitary evolution, providing a minimal deterministic dynamical example for the microscopic implementation of information conservation in Hawking radiation.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.23567513

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The core of the black hole information paradox is whether information falling into the horizon is completely lost during Hawking radiation. Based on connectivity engineering, this paper constructs a one-dimensional spin network with an effective horizon structure. We divide the system into a black hole interior (A) and exterior radiation (B), introducing a cross-horizon tunneling coupling ε. Numerical simulations show that the fidelity of the initial state in region A decays rapidly and plateaus, exhibiting a local information loss illusion; however, the quantum mutual information between regions A and B increases significantly. Furthermore, decoding operations based on the Hayden-Preskill protocol elevate the recovery fidelity to above 0.7 (far exceeding the random baseline), and the maximum entanglement capacity approaches the theoretical maximum 2 ln dim(A). This model requires no gravitational degrees of freedom and relies purely on many-body unitary evolution, providing a minimal deterministic dynamical example for the microscopic implementation of information conservation in Hawking radiation.
The core of the black hole information paradox lies in whether Hawking radiation leads to information loss. Based on connectivity engineering, we construct a minimal, gravity-free spin network. By calculating the mutual information and fidelity across different bipartition sizes, we reproduce the complete Page curve. Numerical results show that the peak of mutual information in the geometrically decoupled network (k=3) exhibits a non-trivial scaling behavior with the connectivity k, and reaches saturation at k=3 (with a peak approximately 1.49 times that of the normal network). This not only reveals the reshaping of entanglement capacity by geometric topology but also establishes a topological upper bound for the Page curve peak. Fidelity analysis further reveals that in the late stages of evaporation, the residual subsystem tends towards purification, with the target state fidelity significantly rising to approximately 0.52, which is weakly sensitive to k. This indicates that information is not completely thermalized but exists in a highly compressed global correlation form within the entanglement structure of the black hole residue and external radiation. This model provides a deterministic and strictly reproducible discrete physical benchmark for studying black hole information dynamics.
The non-isometric holographic model of the black hole interior stands out as a potential resolution of the long-standing black hole information puzzle since it remedies the friction between the effective calculation and the microscopic description. In this study, combining the final-state projection model, the non-isometric model of black hole interior and Hayden-Preskill thought experiment, we investigate the information recovery from decoding Hawking radiation and demonstrate the emergence of the Page time in this setup. We incorporate the effective modes into the scrambling inside the horizon, which are usually disregarded in Hayden-Preskill protocols, and show that the Page time can be identified as the transition of information transmission channels from the EPR projection to the local projections. This offers a new perspective on the Page time. We compute the decoupling condition under which retrieving information is feasible and show that this model computes the black hole entropy consistent with the quantum extremal surface calculation. Assuming the full knowledge of the dynamics of the black hole interior, we show how Yoshida-Kitaev decoding strategy can be employed in the modified Hayden-Preskill protocol. Furthermore, we perform experimental tests of both probabilistic and Grover's search decoding strategies on the 7-qubit IBM quantum processors to validate our analytical findings and confirm the feasibility of retrieving information in the non-isometric model. This study would stimulate more interests to explore black hole information problem on the quantum processors.
The nonisometric holographic model of the black hole interior stands out as a potential resolution of the long-standing black hole information puzzle since it remedies the friction between the effective calculation and the microscopic description. In this study, combining the final-state projection model, the nonisometric model of black hole interior, and Hayden-Preskill thought experiment, we investigate the information recovery from decoding Hawking radiation and demonstrate the emergence of the Page time in this setup. We incorporate the effective modes into the scrambling inside the horizon, which are usually disregarded in Hayden-Preskill protocols, and show that the Page time can be identified as the transition of information transmission channels from the EPR projection to the local projections. This offers a new perspective on the Page time. We compute the decoupling condition under which retrieving information is feasible and show that this model computes the black hole entropy consistent with the quantum extremal surface calculation. Assuming the full knowledge of the dynamics of the black hole interior, we show how Yoshida-Kitaev decoding strategy can be employed in the modified Hayden-Preskill protocol. Furthermore, we perform experimental tests of both probabilistic and Grover’s search decoding strategies on the seven-qubit IBM quantum processors to validate our analytical findings and confirm the feasibility of retrieving information in the nonisometric model. This study would stimulate more interest to explore black hole information problem on the quantum processors. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
The complete evaporation of black holes, as a natural endpoint of Hawking radiation, gives rise to the black hole information paradox, which fundamentally challenges the principles of unitarity and information conservation in quantum mechanics. Although the AdS/CFT correspondence indicates that information is preserved during black hole evaporation, the precise mechanism by which it is recovered from the Hawking radiation remains an open question. To explore a potential resolution, we investigate information transfer in a spin-chain model featuring an effective horizon realized via position-dependent couplings within an XY spin chain. We derive and demonstrate Page curve-like behavior, and analyze the transmission of quantum resources, such as entanglement and coherence, across the effective horizon. Our results show that quantum resources initially localized within an interior subsystem can be transferred to the exterior via particle radiation through the horizon. This study provides a novel perspective from quantum simulation on how information may escape from black holes, thereby contributing to the further understanding of the black hole information paradox.
We construct the Hayden-Preskill protocol by using a system of spin-1/2 particles and demonstrate information flows of this system which can mimic black holes. We first define an analogous black hole A as a collection of such particles. Second, we take the particles from inside to outside the black hole to define an analogous system of Hawking radiation B as outside particles. When the black hole and the radiation have the maximum entanglement at the Page time, we take an entangled pair system C and D. The particles of C fall into the black hole while their counterparts of D remain outside. If we assume rapid mixing of the particle states in the black hole A ⋃ C , can the information of C rapidly escape from the black hole like a mirror? We numerically show that if we turn on the rapid mixing in the black hole, the original information of C rapidly escapes from the black hole to outside in the form of the mutual information between B and D. On the other hand, if the mixing between A and C is not enough, the information escapes slowly. Hence, we explicitly demonstrate the original conjecture of Hayden and Preskill. We emphasize that enough mixing is an essential condition to make the Hayden-Preskill protocol functionally work.
Abstract The black hole information paradox (Hawking, 19741976) poses a fundamental conict: quantum mechanics requires unitary evolution (information is preserved), while black hole evaporation via Hawking radiation appears to destroy information (the radiation is thermal, carrying no information about the in-fallen state). After fty years of debate, the paradox remains unresolvedHawking conceded it in 2004 [3] but no complete mechanism has been identied. ˆ We resolve the paradox by identifying its source: confusing Ω with Πext[Ω]. Information is never destroyed. Ω-conservation (Noether, P2) guarantees this. What is destroyed at the event horizon is not the information but the exterior ˆ observer's projection operator : Πext becomes inapplicable inside the horizon. The ˆ ˆ information encoded in the in-fallen matter passes from Πext[Ω] to Πint[Ω]two projections of the same Ω = 1 that agree in total but disagree in local accessibility. Hawking radiation is the κ→0 leakage of Ω-entanglement across the projection boundary. The Page curve [4]entanglement entropy rising and then falling as the black hole evaporatesfollows directly from Ω-conservation without invoking island formulas [8, 9] or specic stringy mechanisms. The paradox is not a paradox. It is a projection error.