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arXiv:1106.2910

Semi-quantum key distribution protocol using Bell state

Zhiwei Sun, Ruigang Du, Dongyang Long

Published Jun 15, 2011• 8 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

A quantum key distribution protocol with classical Bob based on polarization entangled photon pairs is presented. It approximates a single photon and exploited the inherent randomness of quantum measurements to attain highly secure keys and high efficiency of the transmission.
DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1106.2910

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A quantum key distribution protocol with traditional Bob has been proposed recently by Boyer et al. using single-particle state.In this paper, a semi-quantum key distribution protocol is described, in which Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs of particles are utilized to generate a secret key in remote places.This extends the quantum key distribution protocol with traditional Bob where the single-qubit channel is replaced by the entangled EPR-pair channel.And quantum Alice is able to do any quantum operations, preparing quantum states and performing quantum measurement, but traditional Bob is not able to prepare and measure a particle in the computational basis, reflect the particles.Furthermore, entanglement states are used in our protocol.The analysis shows that our protocol is secure, which can avoid the beam splitter attack automatically, and the proposed protocol is more efficient than Boyer's scheme.
By realizing a quantum cryptography system based on polarization entangled photon pairs we establish highly secure keys, because a single photon source is approximated and the inherent randomness of quantum measurements is exploited. We implement a novel key distribution scheme using Wigner's inequality to test the security of the quantum channel, and, alternatively, realize a variant of the BB84 protocol. Our system has two completely independent users separated by 360 m, and generates raw keys at rates of 400-800 bits/s with bit error rates around 3%.
Recently, Boyer et al. presented a novel semiquantum key distribution protocol [ Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (2007) 140501 ] by using four quantum states, each of which is randomly prepared in the Z or X basis. Here we present a semi-quantum key distribution protocol by using maximally entangled states in which quantum Alice shares a secret key with classical Bob. Quantum Alice has the ability to prepare Bell states and perform Bell basis or computational basis measurement. Classical Bob is restricted to measuring, preparing a particle in the computational basis, reflecting or reordering the particles. The qubit efficiency of the protocol improves to 50% and the protocol can be modified to a measure-resend protocol or a protocol without quantum memory. We also show that the protocol is secure against eavesdropping.
Semi-quantum key distribution allows generating a raw key between two communication participants, in which the sender is a quantum participant and the receiver is a classical participant. This article presents an original semi-quantum key distribution protocol based on hyperentangled Bell states. The hyperentangled Bell states can be entangled simultaneously in polarization and spatial degrees of freedom, enhancing channel capacity. According to the characteristics of hyperentangled Bell states, the proposed protocol is more efficient than the protocol based on Bell states. Moreover, the measure–resend attack, the intercept–resend attack, and the entangle–measure attack are analyzed in detail. The security analysis demonstrates that the proposed protocol is secure. In addition, a multi-party semi-quantum key distribution scheme based on hyperentangled Bell states is proposed, which can realize key distribution between one quantum participant and multiple classical participants.
In order to improve the security and efficiency of quantum key distribution protocol,a protocol was proposed based on entanglement swapping.The two parties of communication establish the key by performing the Bell state measurement.No other people can get the key without being found.Different from the proposed protocol,the Bell measurement of any two Bell states can be realized to achieve the purpose of quantum key distribution.It does not need multi-particle entangled state but only EPR pair to realize the protocol.Analysis results showed that this protocol not only ensures the security of the quantum key shared information,but also uses the entanglement states of two photons without unitary operation. And the protocol is simple and efficient.