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Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics

Quantum key distribution protocol based on any Bell states

Liu Lin-Yao, HU Meng-Jun, Guangjun Xie

Published Jul 28, 2013• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In order to improve the security and efficiency of quantum key distribution protocol,a protocol was proposed based on entanglement swapping.The two parties of communication establish the key by performing the Bell state measurement.No other people can get the key without being found.Different from the proposed protocol,the Bell measurement of any two Bell states can be realized to achieve the purpose of quantum key distribution.It does not need multi-particle entangled state but only EPR pair to realize the protocol.Analysis results showed that this protocol not only ensures the security of the quantum key shared information,but also uses the entanglement states of two photons without unitary operation. And the protocol is simple and efficient.

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In order to improve the security and efficiency of quantum key distribution protocol,a protocol was proposed based on entanglement swapping.The two parties of communication establish the key by performing the Bell state measurement.No other people can get the key without being found.Different from the proposed protocol,the Bell measurement of any two Bell states can be realized to achieve the purpose of quantum key distribution.It does not need multi-particle entangled state but only EPR pair to realize the protocol.Analysis results showed that this protocol not only ensures the security of the quantum key shared information,but also uses the entanglement states of two photons without unitary operation. And the protocol is simple and efficient.
In order to enhance the efficiency of quantum key distribution( QKD),a protocol based on entanglement swapping is proposed. Without classical information exchange or unitary operations,the two communication parts can securely share a session key by entanglement swapping and Bell measurement. Almost all qubits,except a few which are used to check the security of quantum channel,can produce the private key,and two pairs of entangled particles can generate two bits private key. The protocol is proved to secure using Stinespring Dilation Theorem and the efficiency analysis is presented.
A quantum key distribution and identification protocol is proposed, which is based on entanglement swapping. Through choosing particles by twos from the sequence and performing Bell measurements, two communicators can detect eavesdropping, identify each other and obtain the secure key according to the measurement results. Because the two particles measured together are selected out randomly, we need neither alternative measurements nor rotation of the Bell states. Furthermore, less Bell measurements are needed in our protocol than in the previous similar ones.
The insecurity of the protocols for quantum secret sharing(QSS) based on entanglement swapping was analyzed,and a new method of QSS based on entanglement swapping was proposed.The entanglement states were all generated by the sender,and the order of two photons sent to the same agent was randomly changed.After the photons arrived at the receiver,for the detection mode,the order of the two photons was announced,so that the two parties detected the security of the quantum channel;for the information mode,the two receivers respectively did Bell measurement on the two photons they owned,and then communicated through classical channel to share the secret key with the sender.Analysis results show that this protocol not only ensures the validity and security of the shared information,but also only uses the entanglement states of two photons without unitary operation.
In order to improve the efficiency of deterministic key distribution,a quantum key distribution scheme based on GHZ states entanglement swapping was proposed.By sharing a pair of GHZ states between communicators,Bob can deduce deterministic key from classic information which was sent by Alice who took entanglement and measurement operation.Compared with other scheme based on GHZ entanglement state,two GHZ states produced by Bob in the proposed scheme and particles are distributed not by Alice,but Bob.Security analysis results show that any eavesdropper can be found in time.The proposed scheme has high distribution efficiency in that all the GHZ states can be used to transmit information except those chosen for checking eavesdroppers,it can reach the distribution efficiency at 60% and simple to operation.
Based on entanglement swapping between two Bell states, two novel quantum key distribution protocols are proposed. One is for two-level systems, where there is no need for classical communication before each entanglement swapping. This feature is essential to its practical realization. Furthermore, to establish an arbitrarily long key, the protocol needs only two Bell states. The other is for d-level (d > 2) systems, in which higher security and higher source capacity are achieved. Using the theory of quadratic residue, we prove that in the two-qudit systems, each Bell state is a uniform superposition of all basis states in the dual basis, which is different to the situation in two-qubit systems. This difference means our two-level protocol cannot be generalized to the d-level situation directly. On the other hand, it results in higher security of our d-level protocol and is instructive to design quantum cryptography protocols.
In order to distribute a secret key between two designated users, a mutually authenticated quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol based on entanglement swapping is proposed. Without classical information exchange, the two communication parts can securely share a session key in this protocol. Almost all qubits, except a few which are used to check the security of quantum channel, can produce the private key, and two pairs of entangled particles can generate two bits private key. The protocol is proved to secure using Stinespring dilation theorem, and the efficiency analysis is presented.