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arXiv:1104.1267 · Chinese Physics Letters

Semiquantum Key Distribution Using Entangled States

Jian Wang, Sheng Zhang, Quan Zhang, Chaojing Tang

Published Oct 1, 2011• 100 citations
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Abstract

Recently, Boyer et al. presented a novel semiquantum key distribution protocol [ Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (2007) 140501 ] by using four quantum states, each of which is randomly prepared in the Z or X basis. Here we present a semi-quantum key distribution protocol by using maximally entangled states in which quantum Alice shares a secret key with classical Bob. Quantum Alice has the ability to prepare Bell states and perform Bell basis or computational basis measurement. Classical Bob is restricted to measuring, preparing a particle in the computational basis, reflecting or reordering the particles. The qubit efficiency of the protocol improves to 50% and the protocol can be modified to a measure-resend protocol or a protocol without quantum memory. We also show that the protocol is secure against eavesdropping.

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/28/10/100301

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Recently, Boyer et al. presented a novel semiquantum key distribution protocol [ Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (2007) 140501 ] by using four quantum states, each of which is randomly prepared in the Z or X basis. Here we present a semi-quantum key distribution protocol by using maximally entangled states in which quantum Alice shares a secret key with classical Bob. Quantum Alice has the ability to prepare Bell states and perform Bell basis or computational basis measurement. Classical Bob is restricted to measuring, preparing a particle in the computational basis, reflecting or reordering the particles. The qubit efficiency of the protocol improves to 50% and the protocol can be modified to a measure-resend protocol or a protocol without quantum memory. We also show that the protocol is secure against eavesdropping.
Recently, quantum key distribution (QKD) with classical Bob has been suggested and proven completely robust by Boyer et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett.99 (2007) 140501] in which quantum Alice has a fully-fledged quantum power, while classical Bob is restricted to preparing and measuring a particle in the computational basis, reflecting or reordering the particles. In this paper, we describe two related but simpler semi-quantum key distribution protocol that exempts classical Bob from measurement (hereafter called limited classical Bob for convenience) and, prove them completely robust. As limited classical Bob can deterministically prepare the qubits, we exploit this feature to construct a semi-quantum secure direct communication protocol, which is the direct communication of secret messages without first producing a shared secret key.
A quantum key distribution protocol with traditional Bob has been proposed recently by Boyer et al. using single-particle state.In this paper, a semi-quantum key distribution protocol is described, in which Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs of particles are utilized to generate a secret key in remote places.This extends the quantum key distribution protocol with traditional Bob where the single-qubit channel is replaced by the entangled EPR-pair channel.And quantum Alice is able to do any quantum operations, preparing quantum states and performing quantum measurement, but traditional Bob is not able to prepare and measure a particle in the computational basis, reflect the particles.Furthermore, entanglement states are used in our protocol.The analysis shows that our protocol is secure, which can avoid the beam splitter attack automatically, and the proposed protocol is more efficient than Boyer's scheme.
Boyer, Kenigsberg, and Mor [Phys.Rev.Lett.99, 140501(2007)] proposed a novel idea of semi-quantum key distribution where a key can be securely distributed between Alice who can perform any quantum operation and Bob who is classical. Extending the idea of “semiquantum” to other tasks of quantum information processing is of interest and worth considering. In this article, we consider the issue of semi-quantum secret sharing where a quantum participant Alice can share a secret key with two classical participants Bobs. After analyzing the existing protocol, we propose a new protocol of semi-quantum secret sharing. Our protocol is more realistic, since it utilizes product states instead of entangled states. We prove that any attempt of an adversary to obtain information necessarily induces some errors that the legitimate users could notice. 1
Based on the assumption of a perfect qubit, Boyer et al. proposed a novel semiquantum key distribution protocol [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (2007) 140501], in which quantum Alice shares a secret key with classical Bob. In this paper, we use Bell states to propose a multiparty semiquantum secret sharing (MSQSS) protocol, in which only the boss is quantum and all agents are classical. Classical agents are restricted to performing measurements in a computational basis and rearranging orders of qubits. Unless all classical agents collaborate, no subset of them can obtain the secret of the quantum boss. Also, we show that this proposed protocol is secure against eavesdropping.
The quantum key distribution protocol with classical Bob, well known as semiquantum key distribution, has been proposed a few years back (Boyer et al., PRL 2007, PRA 2009). In this protocol Alice has the same capability as in the traditional BB84 protocol, but Bob is limited by the constraint that he can measure or prepare qubits only in {∣0>,∣1>}\{|0>, |1>\}{∣0>,∣1>} basis and reflect any other qubit (or in other words, let it go undisturbed). In this scheme the qubits travel from Alice to Bob and then again from Bob to Alice. We study an eavesdropping strategy on this scheme that listens to the channel in both the directions. With the same level of disturbance induced in the channel, Eve can be extract more information using our two-way strategy than what can be obtained by the direct application of one-way eavesdropping in case of BB84 protocol. Towards resisting this eavesdropping strategy, we modify the semiquantum scheme by incorporating a Hadamard gate at Bob's end.