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International Journal of Security and Its Applications

Semi-quantum Key Distribution Protocol Based on Bell States

Ting Wang, Dongning Zhao, Zhiwei Sun, Weixin Xie

Published Dec 31, 2016• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

A quantum key distribution protocol with traditional Bob has been proposed recently by Boyer et al. using single-particle state.In this paper, a semi-quantum key distribution protocol is described, in which Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs of particles are utilized to generate a secret key in remote places.This extends the quantum key distribution protocol with traditional Bob where the single-qubit channel is replaced by the entangled EPR-pair channel.And quantum Alice is able to do any quantum operations, preparing quantum states and performing quantum measurement, but traditional Bob is not able to prepare and measure a particle in the computational basis, reflect the particles.Furthermore, entanglement states are used in our protocol.The analysis shows that our protocol is secure, which can avoid the beam splitter attack automatically, and the proposed protocol is more efficient than Boyer's scheme.

DOI
10.14257/ijsia.2016.10.12.09

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A quantum key distribution protocol with traditional Bob has been proposed recently by Boyer et al. using single-particle state.In this paper, a semi-quantum key distribution protocol is described, in which Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs of particles are utilized to generate a secret key in remote places.This extends the quantum key distribution protocol with traditional Bob where the single-qubit channel is replaced by the entangled EPR-pair channel.And quantum Alice is able to do any quantum operations, preparing quantum states and performing quantum measurement, but traditional Bob is not able to prepare and measure a particle in the computational basis, reflect the particles.Furthermore, entanglement states are used in our protocol.The analysis shows that our protocol is secure, which can avoid the beam splitter attack automatically, and the proposed protocol is more efficient than Boyer's scheme.
Recently, Boyer et al. presented a novel semiquantum key distribution protocol [ Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (2007) 140501 ] by using four quantum states, each of which is randomly prepared in the Z or X basis. Here we present a semi-quantum key distribution protocol by using maximally entangled states in which quantum Alice shares a secret key with classical Bob. Quantum Alice has the ability to prepare Bell states and perform Bell basis or computational basis measurement. Classical Bob is restricted to measuring, preparing a particle in the computational basis, reflecting or reordering the particles. The qubit efficiency of the protocol improves to 50% and the protocol can be modified to a measure-resend protocol or a protocol without quantum memory. We also show that the protocol is secure against eavesdropping.
Quantum key distribution cannot satisfy some users without quantum capability, so semi-quantum key distribution emerges as the times required. Semi-quantum key distribution protocol is described as Alice has quantum ability to prepare and measure qubits with an arbitrary basis, while Bob only measures qubits with the computational basis or reflects qubits to Alice. However, most existing semi-quantum key distribution protocols have been performed with low eavesdropping detection probability. In this paper, we present an innovative semi-quantum key distribution protocol with high efficiency based on EPR and single-particle hybridization, in which the specific contents of {\scriptsize CTRL} or {\scriptsize SIFT} operations have been newly defined. Then, the security analysis indicates the proposed protocol is asymptotically secure with more high eavesdropping detection probability against individual eavesdropping attacks. Moreover, the efficiency analysis shows that the presented protocol is more efficient than similar literatures.
Recently, quantum key distribution (QKD) with classical Bob has been suggested and proven completely robust by Boyer et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett.99 (2007) 140501] in which quantum Alice has a fully-fledged quantum power, while classical Bob is restricted to preparing and measuring a particle in the computational basis, reflecting or reordering the particles. In this paper, we describe two related but simpler semi-quantum key distribution protocol that exempts classical Bob from measurement (hereafter called limited classical Bob for convenience) and, prove them completely robust. As limited classical Bob can deterministically prepare the qubits, we exploit this feature to construct a semi-quantum secure direct communication protocol, which is the direct communication of secret messages without first producing a shared secret key.
Semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) is an important research issue which allows one quantum participant equipped with advanced quantum devices to distribute a shared secret key securely with one classical user who has restricted capabilities. In this paper, we propose a SQKD protocol which allows one quantum user to distribute two different private secret keys to two classical users respectively at the same time. Alice distributes two particle sequences from Bell states to Bob and Charlie respectively. Once the particles have been processed and returned, Alice can simultaneously detect reflected particles by Bob and Charlie based on Bell-state measurement and generate two different raw keys. To enable more participants in sharing keys, this protocol can be extended to the m + 1 party communication scheme by employing m-particle GHZ state. In large-scale communication networks, this extended model significantly reduces the complexity of communication compared to the traditional SQKD scheme. Security analyses show that the presented protocol is free from several general attacks, such as the entangle-measure attack, the modification attack, the double CNOT attack, and so on.
Abstract In this paper, a novel semiquantum key distribution (SQKD) protocol is proposed by using Bell state, where quantum Alice can sharesecret bits with classical Bob via quantum channel. Classical Bob is required to measure particles with thebasis, produce fresh particles within thebasis and send particles via quantum channel. Security analysis turns out that this protocol is immune to various attacks launched by the outside eavesdropper. Compared with present SQKD protocols using Bell states without a third party, on one hand, this protocol has the highest qubit efficiency; and on the other hand, the reflecting operations of the classical user in this protocol contribute to the generation of final shared key.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is used in quantum cryptographic systems to exchange secret key between parties who need to communicate secretly. According to the structure of European Secoqc QKD network, a QKD protocol is proposed. Entanglement swapping between Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs can be used to exchange message bits in two remote places. Based on this idea, n + 1 EPR pairs are used as logical quantum channel (for n nodes per routing), while measurements of Bell operator are transmitted by classical channel. Random space quantum channel selection is exploited in our protocol to improve the probability of revealing Eve. Compared with traditional EPR protocol, the proposed protocol exhibits many features, which are minutely described.