Abstract This paper proposes a foundational physical paradigm framework with energy as the sole physical ontology. Different from the field ontology of quantum field theory and the particle-pilot wave dual ontology of Bohmian mechanics, it establishes a strictly divided four-layer cognitive system of “energy ontology–wave motion–node appearance–mathematical tool”. Energy is defined as the irreducible sole physical ontology (ontological preset); waves are not independent physical entities, but the inherent propagation mode of energy in spacetime following the principle of least action; microscopic particles are not basic material objects, but local dynamic nodes formed by coherent superposition and nonlinear self-focusing of multiple energy waves; fields and wave functions are pure mathematical tools for describing the spacetime distribution of energy without independent entity attributes. Based on the Fourier superposition principle, standing wave formation mechanism and the principle of least action, this paper fundamentally resolves the paradox of wave-particle duality and clarifies the inevitability of energy fluctuation. Two basic forms of energy waves are defined: traveling waves without rest mass for global energy transport and localized standing waves for bound energy localization, with clear transformation mechanisms and physical division of labor. Based on three self-consistent underlying axioms, two types of nodes (linear superposition/photon-type and nonlinear self-focusing/matter-type) are distinguished, the coupling rules of transverse and longitudinal waves are reconstructed, and the microscopic origins of gravity and strong force are unified. To resolve core theoretical disputes, this paper supplements a dynamic equilibrium radiation mechanism to eliminate the energy dissipation paradox of stable particles, revises wave coupling rules to be compatible with QED photon-photon scattering experimental facts, and completes the physical dimension and quantitative paving of node formation thresholds to upgrade theoretical self-consistency. Meanwhile, phase chirality is introduced as the unified origin of charge, spin and matter-antimatter asymmetry, and four experimentally verifiable physical predictions and falsifiable inferences are proposed. This framework only updates the underlying ontology of modern physics, fully compatible with existing mature quantitative calculation systems, without subverting the experimental conclusions of the Standard Model and general relativity, providing a new path for the paradigm innovation of fundamental physics unification.
Abstract This paper proposes a foundational physical paradigm framework with energy as the sole physical ontology. Different from the field ontology of quantum field theory and the particle-pilot wave dual ontology of Bohmian mechanics, it establishes a strictly divided four-layer cognitive system of “energy ontology–wave motion–node appearance–mathematical tool”. Energy is defined as the irreducible sole physical ontology (ontological preset); waves are not independent physical entities, but the inherent propagation mode of energy in spacetime following the principle of least action; microscopic particles are not basic material objects, but local dynamic nodes formed by coherent superposition and nonlinear self-focusing of multiple energy waves; fields and wave functions are pure mathematical tools for describing the spacetime distribution of energy without independent entity attributes. Based on the Fourier superposition principle, standing wave formation mechanism and the principle of least action, this paper fundamentally resolves the paradox of wave-particle duality and clarifies the inevitability of energy fluctuation. Two basic forms of energy waves are defined: traveling waves without rest mass for global energy transport and localized standing waves for bound energy localization, with clear transformation mechanisms and physical division of labor. Based on three self-consistent underlying axioms, two types of nodes (linear superposition/photon-type and nonlinear self-focusing/matter-type) are distinguished, the coupling rules of transverse and longitudinal waves are reconstructed, and the microscopic origins of gravity and strong force are unified. To resolve core theoretical disputes, this paper supplements a dynamic equilibrium radiation mechanism to eliminate the energy dissipation paradox of stable particles, revises wave coupling rules to be compatible with QED photon-photon scattering experimental facts, and completes the physical dimension and quantitative paving of node formation thresholds to upgrade theoretical self-consistency. Meanwhile, phase chirality is introduced as the unified origin of charge, spin and matter-antimatter asymmetry, and four experimentally verifiable physical predictions and falsifiable inferences are proposed. This framework only updates the underlying ontology of modern physics, fully compatible with existing mature quantitative calculation systems, without subverting the experimental conclusions of the Standard Model and general relativity, providing a new path for the paradigm innovation of fundamental physics unification.
The core dilemma of modern physics stems from two unproven ontological presuppositions: that spacetime is an innate container preceding matter, and that matter is an entity composed of indivisible particles. These presuppositions have led to the fundamental split between general relativity and quantum mechanics, giving rise to a series of century-old unsolved problems such as wave-particle duality, the quantum measurement paradox, the nature of gravity, and dark matter and dark energy. Based on the sole unfalsifiable first principle that "the essence of cognition is succession", this paper deduces a complete ontological system through pure a priori reasoning: the authentic physical world consists solely of one-dimensional successive rays and their transverse coupling relations; time is the successive extension of rays, space is the network of coupling relations, matter is the steady state of closed coupling, and all interactions are different manifestations of coupling actions. Particles are not authentically existing entities, but rather point-like endpoint phenomena presented in the observer's phenomenal world when two rays undergo an all-or-nothing coupling. Based on this framework, this paper uniformly explains all core phenomena in both the microscopic quantum domain and the macroscopic relativistic domain in one go, resolves all traditional physical paradoxes at the ontological level, achieves the ontological unification of the four fundamental forces, and proposes three falsifiable core predictions. This paper demonstrates that all theories of traditional physics are approximate descriptions of the authentic physical world at the phenomenal level, and their fundamental error lies in mistaking "coupling endpoints" for "primitive entities", thereby reversing the causal relationship. Cognitive Succession Ontology provides a logically consistent and universally unified ultimate foundation for physics.
Why does matter possess wave-like properties? Is wave-particle duality an inherent dual nature of matter, or merely a projection of a deeper underlying physical structure under two distinct observational perspectives? This paper presents a rigorous first-principles derivation of matter wave dynamics within the axiomatic framework of Time Field Theory (TFT). The entire derivation relies solely on two core axioms: local intrinsic total velocity conservation and metric self-consistency (flux conservation), without introducing any extra postulates. Following the logical sequence of ontological foundation, phase derivation, wave generation, hierarchical classification, physical correspondence, extreme-case verification, and unified spectrum construction, this paper first establishes the core ontological premise that matter corresponds to localized condensed states of the time field. It then derives the geometric structure of the existence phase angle on the unit circle of the complex plane from the velocity conservation axiom, revealing the fundamental origin of intrinsic material phases. On this basis, the de Broglie relations are strictly derived, eliminating the dualistic contradiction between particle and wave characteristics. This work further distinguishes two distinct wave regimes: intrinsic waves originating from phase evolution within condensed states, and apparent waves arising from the global spatial translation of field distributions, which are respectively mapped onto electromagnetic waves and gravitational waves as two classes of physical reality. Using black hole horizons as an extreme physical testbed, we demonstrate that intrinsic wave phenomena vanish completely at time-freezing surfaces while apparent wave behaviors remain intact, providing a unified explanation for the observational fact that black holes emit no light yet produce gravitational waves. We also clarify the ontological origin of black hole darkness: light is not trapped by gravity, but the physical conditions required for photon generation cease to hold at time-freezing surfaces. Finally, we construct a continuous spectrum of wave behaviors ranging from the vacuum ground state to black hole horizons. This paper proves that wave-like behavior is not a binary ”present/absent” attribute of matter, but a continuous function of the condensation strength of the time field. Quantum mechanics and classical mechanics do not describe two separate physical worlds; instead, they represent two limiting regimes of a single universal time field under different condensation levels.
Quantum Energy: Confined & Oscillatory Dual Equilibrium Modes of the Quantum Field This paper takes the globally continuous quantum field as the fundamental carrier medium of the universe, and proposes the inherent collapse-attraction and repulsion-diffusion dual tendencies of all quantum energy units as the endogenous driving force of all physical phenomena. It defines two exclusive native eigenstates of energy: the confined state under low energy density and weak field potential, and the oscillatory state formed by persistent stress imbalance in high-density superimposed strong fields. All wave-particle duality phenomena, microscopic quantum behaviors and macroscopic cosmic evolution are uniformly interpreted as two modal transformations regulated by local energy density and field potential intensity, without introducing extra mathematical hypothetical constructs such as wave function collapse or superposition. The theory establishes a complete logical closed loop covering quantum field ontology, microscopic dual-state dynamics, double-slit interference mechanism, fundamental interaction origin and cosmic large-scale evolution. It fully matches all verified experimental observations, only reconstructs the underlying physical causal logic, and does not overthrow objective measured conclusions. Meanwhile, it distinguishes the computational practicability of hierarchical mathematical modeling from the natural unity of cosmic physical laws, and criticizes the cognitive bias of prioritizing mathematical description over physical ontology in mainstream research paradigms. This monistic energy framework serves as the general outline for the complete P1–P11 series of collapse-repulsion dynamic theories. Version 2: Add full English manuscript, V1 keeps original Chinese file unchanged.
As two core concepts in physics, waves and fields have evolved alongside the advancement of modern physics: originating from mechanical oscillations and Newtonian action-at-a-distance in classical mechanics, they later developed into wave-particle duality and triggered the field-theory revolution within quantum mechanics. Their intrinsic interconnection has long stood as a pivotal research target for physicists pursuing a unified physical framework. This study adopts Unified Complex Systems Theory (UCST) as its ontological backbone and incorporates the realist philosophical underpinnings of Bohmian Mechanics (BM), strictly abiding by the fundamental scientific premise that physical research is confined to observable phenomena. It establishes an integrated theoretical framework unifying waves and fields from four core dimensions: ontological definition, categorization of material existential forms, the intrinsic nature of fundamental interactions, and the consistent logical linkage among waves, particles and physical fields. By retracing the historical developmental trajectory of wave and field definitions, this work reviews prominent cognitive misconceptions formed during the conceptual evolution from the combined perspective of UCST and BM, remedies the theoretical limitations embedded within conventional physical frameworks, and puts forward a core argument: waves arise from the collective coordinated motion of massive particles, whereas fields function as the underlying interaction mechanism governing wave propagation. This work thus achieves triple-layer unification of waves and fields at the levels of kinematic forms, interaction mechanisms and material carriers, offering an original research paradigm for the ongoing development of grand unified physics.
We propose a unified physical framework in which four-dimensional spacetime vacuum is the unique physical reality, and all quanta are its localized topological excitations. Matter particles correspond to stable knot-like configurations, while radiation quanta correspond to weak propagating ripples of the same substrate. From this single ontological commitment, we derive: (1) wave–particle duality is resolved—particle behavior belongs to the localized excitation, wave behavior to the disturbance field it generates in spacetime; (2) double-slit interference arises from coherent superposition between a quantum's newly sourced disturbance and its own historical disturbance field, not from ontological self-superposition; (3) the wave function is a statistical tool encoding ensemble distributions of trajectories modulated by disturbance feedback, and collapse is epistemic convergence rather than a physical process; (4) quantum entanglement corresponds to Planck-scale topological connectivity (microscopic Einstein–Rosen bridges), preserving relativistic causality; (5) gravity is the macroscopic accumulation of universal but individually weak quantum–vacuum couplings, explaining both its microscopic weakness and macroscopic dominance without requiring a graviton; (6) the four fundamental interactions are differentiated coupling modes of quanta to one spacetime vacuum field; and (7) apparent dark matter and dark energy are reinterpreted as collective topological curvature and large-scale vacuum self-relaxation, respectively. We formulate falsifiable predictions at both laboratory and cosmological scales, including disturbance–corpuscle separation interferometry, tunable decoherence threshold measurements, and galaxy rotation–topology correlations. The framework compresses the conventional axiomatic structure of quantum mechanics and cosmology into one master axiom and eliminates at least twenty-eight independent interpretive assumptions.
Energy-Efficiency Theory (EET) takes the first axiom “energy is the sole ontology” as its starting point. This paper systematically expounds the two fundamental forms of energy: the free state (continuously distributed, propagating at the speed of light, such as waves and fields) and the constrained state (localized, stable, subluminal, such as particles and matter). We provide rigorous definitions, mathematical characterizations, and a quantitative model of state transitions. Based on this framework, we unify three fundamental physical phenomena: (1) wave particle duality as a dynamic sliding of energy between the two states (superposition |ψ⟩ = α|free⟩ + β|bound⟩), with quantitative compatibility demonstrated via the electron wavepacket example; (2) quantum measurement collapse as an irreversible transition from the free state to the constrained state, with transition time satisfying ∆tmin = dmin/c and energy dissipation obeying Landauer’s limit; (3) the mass-energy equivalence E = mc2 as a conversion formula between the two states, where mass is the spatial density of constrained-state energy, validated by experimental data from the carbon-12 nucleus. We further derive quantitative transition rate formulas and engage with contemporary structural realism. This work provides a unified energy-ontological interpretation of quantum mechanics and relativity, establishing the physical foundation of the EET framework. Keywords: free-state energy; constrained-state energy; wave-particle duality; quantum measurement; mass-energy equivalence; Energy-Efficiency Theory