Energy-Efficiency Theory (EET) takes the first axiom “energy is the sole ontology” as its starting point. This paper systematically expounds the two fundamental forms of energy: the free state (continuously distributed, propagating at the speed of light, such as waves and fields) and the constrained state (localized, stable, subluminal, such as particles and matter). We provide rigorous definitions, mathematical characterizations, and a quantitative model of state transitions. Based on this framework, we unify three fundamental physical phenomena: (1) wave particle duality as a dynamic sliding of energy between the two states (superposition |ψ⟩ = α|free⟩ + β|bound⟩), with quantitative compatibility demonstrated via the electron wavepacket example; (2) quantum measurement collapse as an irreversible transition from the free state to the constrained state, with transition time satisfying ∆tmin = dmin/c and energy dissipation obeying Landauer’s limit; (3) the mass-energy equivalence E = mc2 as a conversion formula between the two states, where mass is the spatial density of constrained-state energy, validated by experimental data from the carbon-12 nucleus. We further derive quantitative transition rate formulas and engage with contemporary structural realism. This work provides a unified energy-ontological interpretation of quantum mechanics and relativity, establishing the physical foundation of the EET framework. Keywords: free-state energy; constrained-state energy; wave-particle duality; quantum measurement; mass-energy equivalence; Energy-Efficiency Theory
Energy-Efficiency Theory (EET) takes the first axiom “energy is the sole ontology” as its starting point. This paper systematically expounds the two fundamental forms of energy: the free state (continuously distributed, propagating at the speed of light, such as waves and fields) and the constrained state (localized, stable, subluminal, such as particles and matter). We provide rigorous definitions, mathematical characterizations, and a quantitative model of state transitions. Based on this framework, we unify three fundamental physical phenomena: (1) wave particle duality as a dynamic sliding of energy between the two states (superposition |ψ⟩ = α|free⟩ + β|bound⟩), with quantitative compatibility demonstrated via the electron wavepacket example; (2) quantum measurement collapse as an irreversible transition from the free state to the constrained state, with transition time satisfying ∆tmin = dmin/c and energy dissipation obeying Landauer’s limit; (3) the mass-energy equivalence E = mc2 as a conversion formula between the two states, where mass is the spatial density of constrained-state energy, validated by experimental data from the carbon-12 nucleus. We further derive quantitative transition rate formulas and engage with contemporary structural realism. This work provides a unified energy-ontological interpretation of quantum mechanics and relativity, establishing the physical foundation of the EET framework. Keywords: free-state energy; constrained-state energy; wave-particle duality; quantum measurement; mass-energy equivalence; Energy-Efficiency Theory
We present a unified energy-ontological interpretation of non-relativistic quantum mechanics within the framework of Energy-Efficiency Theory (EET). Starting from three physically grounded axioms, we define the constrained potential U(r,t) as the spatial density of localized bound-state energy, and derive the continuity equation for the normalized constrained potential ρ(r,t)=U(r,t)/E_c. We prove that ρ(r,t) satisfies the quantum probability continuity equation, establishing the exact correspondence ρ(r,t)=|ψ|^2. We introduce the dimensionless energy ratio η = Ė_resp / Ė_main, which quantifies the balance between energy allocated to spatial exploration (response) and constraint maintenance. From first principles, we derive a modified Schrödinger equation with a real effective potential that preserves probability conservation for all values of η. Using an exact analytical solution for Gaussian wave packets, we derive the scaling relations Δx ∝ η^{-1/2} and Δp ∝ η^{1/2}, which imply the Heisenberg uncertainty principle ΔxΔp ≥ ħ/2 independent of η. Wave-particle duality is interpreted as the continuous sliding of η between exploration-dominated (wave-like, η>1) and maintenance-dominated (particle-like, η<1) regimes. We extend the framework to quantum measurement, deriving the scaling of η from first-principles system-apparatus energy coupling, and unify projective measurements, weak measurements, the quantum eraser, and decoherence within a single framework. We present four experimentally falsifiable predictions with strict statistical criteria, along with a protocol for independent experimental control of η. This work provides a self-consistent energy-ontological foundation for non-relativistic quantum mechanics, unifying probability density, wave-particle duality, the uncertainty principle, and quantum measurement under a single energy allocation framework.
What is quantum mechanics, constitutionally? This document provides the answer within the Energy-Efficiency Theory framework: quantum mechanics is not an independent set of physical laws, nor a "theory of particles," nor a "theory of measurement." Quantum mechanics is the dynamics of non-matter—the coherent propagation of free-state energy (E_f, E_c = 0) along Type II edges of the constraint network at the optimal cooperative capacity point η ≈ 1. Constraint Dynamics (CND v4.0) describes the dynamics of matter (Being, E_c > 0). Measurement is the constitutional interface between them: a Cut → Encapsulate event at the Type I/Type II boundary that terminates non-matter propagation and creates a persistent matter record. The QM ↔ Measurement Constitutional Duality is the constitutional expression of the Non-Matter/Matter distinction in dynamics. Version 3.1 is a comprehensive constitutional upgrade that preserves all v3.0 content while introducing five core refinements. (i) The Matter/Non-Matter constitutional framework (Particle v3.3) is implanted throughout: QM governs non-matter; measurement is the non-matter → matter constitutional transition; the wavefunction ψ = |ψ| e^{iS/A_EET} is the complex amplitude of non-matter propagation—physically real (ontic), not epistemic, not many-worlds. (ii) Barrier Asymmetry is conditionalized: E_b^melt ≫ E_b^form emerges from Γ(η) decay at η ≠ 1; at η = 1, E_b^form = E_b^melt = A_EET · ω (Inertia v3.4, CLOSED). Quantum coherence is protected by the three-engine architecture. (iii) The decoherence rate is corrected from a contradictory single-factor model to a two-channel additive model distinguishing encapsulation-driven decoherence (∝ f_enc(L)) from efficiency-imbalance-driven decoherence (∝ 1−Γ(η)). (iv) The quantum-to-classical transition is refined from a binary "L ≥ 3" threshold to a three-regime crossover governance (L ≤ 2 quantum, L = 3–4 crossover, L ≥ 5 effective classical), with the L_branch concept distinguishing whole-object coherence (excluded) from collective-coordinate coherence (experimentally observed). (v) The Schrödinger's cat paradox receives its constitutional resolution: the radioactive atom is non-matter (transient constraint events); the cat is matter (E ∈ {0,1} binary). The paradox arises from conflating these two constitutional domains. Ten core constitutional deepenings distinguish v3.1 from its predecessor. DEEPENING-1: The wavefunction's ontic status is systematically situated against all six major QM interpretations (Copenhagen, Many-Worlds, de Broglie–Bohm, QBism, GRW, EET), establishing EET's distinct constitutional position. DEEPENING-2: The five-channel complete constraint Second Law (CND v4.0, CLOSED) is integrated into the quantum measurement framework, unifying passive decoherence, environmental decoherence, and measurement-induced decoherence as three variants of meltdown channel activation. DEEPENING-3: The dual-channel decoherence model unifies elastic decoherence (reversible, ∝ 1−Γ(η)) and plastic decoherence (irreversible, ∝ C(t), measurement collapse) within a single constitutional framework, resolving the measurement problem. DEEPENING-4: The non-matter → matter constitutional transition is established as the three-step measurement dynamics (Difference Detection → Template Matching → Persistent Record Formation), constitutionally anchored in the constraint formation competition framework. DEEPENING-5: The line graph duality (Field v3.1 R4, Particle v3.3 Part VI) is registered as the graph-theoretic foundation of wave-particle duality—not a quantum mystery, but a universal graph-theoretic theorem. DEEPENING-6: QM and GR co-originate from the energy bifurcation at η = 1: QM is the dynamics of non-matter; GR is the geometry of matter. No "quantization of gravity" is required. DEEPENING-7: Emergent Minkowski spacetime (Space v3.3 §5, Time v3.2 §3.4) is constitutionally registered as QM's constitutional stage—not the background in which QM operates, but the symmetry that emerges at the optimal cooperative capacity point. DEEPENING-8: The quantum-to-classical crossover is governed by three independent constitutional mechanisms (decoherence via meltdown channel, force attenuation via encapsulation depth, and jamming via constraint density), of which decoherence and force attenuation are fully developed in v3.1. DEEPENING-9: Quantum information is constitutionally distinguished as transient information (non-matter, no constraint boundary, no maintenance power, no inertial mass), to be contrasted with constraint-grounded information (matter, persistent, E = mc² > 0). DEEPENING-10: The constitutional responses to twenty-six major problems in quantum mechanics are systematically registered, spanning CLOSED-in-EET (QM-GR co-origination, wave-particle duality, QM ↔ Measurement duality), STANDARD (measurement problem constitutionally located, two-channel decoherence, emergent Minkowski spacetime), WORKING HYPOTHESIS (mass as coarse coherence proxy, quantum Darwinism reformulated as blind pump), and CONJECTURE (AdS/CFT correspondence, CDT/MERA emergence). The document is organized as follows. Part I establishes the constitutional foundations, including the Matter/Non-Matter constitutional chain, Barrier Asymmetry conditionalized, and the QFT vs. EET ontological incommensurability. Part II defines QM as non-matter dynamics, establishes the wavefunction as the complex amplitude of non-matter propagation (with systematic comparison to all major QM interpretations), and delineates the constitutional domain boundaries. Part III provides the complete companion ontology interface system, synchronized through June 2026. Part IV-A presents the mathematical foundations, including the Schrödinger equation dual-path derivation and the constraint network path integral. Part IV-B develops quantum states and dynamics, with entanglement re-expressed as shared constraint boundary topology. Part IV-C provides the measurement framework—the non-matter → matter constitutional transition, five-channel measurement, and responses to Frauchiger-Renner, Leggett-Garg, and indefinite causal order. Part IV-D presents the unified two-channel decoherence model and the quantum-to-classical crossover governance with the L_branch concept. Part IV-E treats the vacuum as the N=0 ground state. Part V covers cross-scale instantiation. Part VI provides nine falsifiable predictions. Part VII lists eleven constitutional open problems. Part VIII systematically registers EET constitutional responses to twenty-six major problems in quantum mechanics. Part IX registers the academic priority of forty-eight constitutional claims. Quantum mechanics is the dynamics of the non-material substrate at its optimal operating point. Measurement is the constitutional transition from non-matter to matter. The Schrödinger equation is the deterministic law of non-matter propagation. The Born rule is the statistical law of the non-matter/matter interface. Together, they constitute the complete constitutional framework of quantum mechanics in EET. Keywords: Non-matter dynamics; matter/non-matter distinction; constraint network; coherent free-state propagation; measurement as constitutional transition; two-channel decoherence; quantum-to-classical crossover; encapsulation-depth refinement; Born rule as interface statistics; η-generalized Lindblad equation; emergent Minkowski spacetime; line graph duality; constitutional ontology of quantum mechanics; Energy-Efficiency Theory.
Abstract This paper proposes a foundational physical paradigm framework with energy as the sole physical ontology. Different from the field ontology of quantum field theory and the particle-pilot wave dual ontology of Bohmian mechanics, it establishes a strictly divided four-layer cognitive system of “energy ontology–wave motion–node appearance–mathematical tool”. Energy is defined as the irreducible sole physical ontology (ontological preset); waves are not independent physical entities, but the inherent propagation mode of energy in spacetime following the principle of least action; microscopic particles are not basic material objects, but local dynamic nodes formed by coherent superposition and nonlinear self-focusing of multiple energy waves; fields and wave functions are pure mathematical tools for describing the spacetime distribution of energy without independent entity attributes. Based on the Fourier superposition principle, standing wave formation mechanism and the principle of least action, this paper fundamentally resolves the paradox of wave-particle duality and clarifies the inevitability of energy fluctuation. Two basic forms of energy waves are defined: traveling waves without rest mass for global energy transport and localized standing waves for bound energy localization, with clear transformation mechanisms and physical division of labor. Based on three self-consistent underlying axioms, two types of nodes (linear superposition/photon-type and nonlinear self-focusing/matter-type) are distinguished, the coupling rules of transverse and longitudinal waves are reconstructed, and the microscopic origins of gravity and strong force are unified. To resolve core theoretical disputes, this paper supplements a dynamic equilibrium radiation mechanism to eliminate the energy dissipation paradox of stable particles, revises wave coupling rules to be compatible with QED photon-photon scattering experimental facts, and completes the physical dimension and quantitative paving of node formation thresholds to upgrade theoretical self-consistency. Meanwhile, phase chirality is introduced as the unified origin of charge, spin and matter-antimatter asymmetry, and four experimentally verifiable physical predictions and falsifiable inferences are proposed. This framework only updates the underlying ontology of modern physics, fully compatible with existing mature quantitative calculation systems, without subverting the experimental conclusions of the Standard Model and general relativity, providing a new path for the paradigm innovation of fundamental physics unification.
Quantum Energy: Confined & Oscillatory Dual Equilibrium Modes of the Quantum Field This paper takes the globally continuous quantum field as the fundamental carrier medium of the universe, and proposes the inherent collapse-attraction and repulsion-diffusion dual tendencies of all quantum energy units as the endogenous driving force of all physical phenomena. It defines two exclusive native eigenstates of energy: the confined state under low energy density and weak field potential, and the oscillatory state formed by persistent stress imbalance in high-density superimposed strong fields. All wave-particle duality phenomena, microscopic quantum behaviors and macroscopic cosmic evolution are uniformly interpreted as two modal transformations regulated by local energy density and field potential intensity, without introducing extra mathematical hypothetical constructs such as wave function collapse or superposition. The theory establishes a complete logical closed loop covering quantum field ontology, microscopic dual-state dynamics, double-slit interference mechanism, fundamental interaction origin and cosmic large-scale evolution. It fully matches all verified experimental observations, only reconstructs the underlying physical causal logic, and does not overthrow objective measured conclusions. Meanwhile, it distinguishes the computational practicability of hierarchical mathematical modeling from the natural unity of cosmic physical laws, and criticizes the cognitive bias of prioritizing mathematical description over physical ontology in mainstream research paradigms. This monistic energy framework serves as the general outline for the complete P1–P11 series of collapse-repulsion dynamic theories. Version 2: Add full English manuscript, V1 keeps original Chinese file unchanged.
This work proposes a minimal ontological framework aimed at systematically resolving key conceptual paradoxes of contemporary physics. The central claim is that many foundational difficulties of twentieth- and twenty-first-century physics arise not from empirical anomalies or mathematical inconsistencies, but from a conflation of mathematical formalism with ontological interpretation. On the basis of a small set of minimal ontological axioms, the work addresses and resolves ten fundamental paradoxes, including wave–particle duality, the measurement problem and collapse, the arrow of time, irreversibility, quantization, the nature of gravity, cosmological origin, the finiteness of the Universe, the status of singularities, and the information paradox. The proposed framework introduces no new physical entities and does not modify existing physical equations. Instead, it imposes strict ontological constraints from which these phenomena follow as necessary consequences. The work does not present an alternative physical theory, but rather an ontological foundation explaining why modern physical theories are successful and why they encounter inherent explanatory limits.
Existing physics artificially separates the fundamental laws governing the motion of macroscopic celestial bodies and microscopic particles. To resolve the orbit collapse dilemma of classical atomic models, it introduces assumptions such as superposition states and instantaneous quantum transitions, which generate multiple logical contradictions that violate the law of conservation of energy and the ultimate speed limit of light. Based on the Light Primitive Theory, this paper establishes a unified orbital motion system for macro and micro objects. It demonstrates that perfect geometric circles are merely mathematical idealizations, while three-dimensional closed spatial curves represent the long-term stable motion form of electrons at the microscale; two-dimensional planar ellipses are only simplified motion states of macroscopic celestial bodies. This paper points out that closed curves rely on the bidirectional conversion of kinetic energy and potential energy to achieve near-lossless motion with built-in energy storage and anti-interference capabilities. Electrons are constrained by three mutually orthogonal forces, resulting in motion trajectories that cannot be confined to a single plane. All massive physical entities (including electrons) follow unified laws of orbital energy conversion. Meanwhile, this paper systematically exposes the fatal flaws of existing quantum transition theories: instantaneous transitions inevitably involve superluminal motion, displacement without energy exchange contradicts mechanical logic, and superposition states fail to explain the motion mechanisms of physical particles. This research indicates that long-term stable motion in the universe follows closed curved paths, while linear motion is only a transient transitional state. Certain foundational quantum hypotheses are makeshift, erroneous theories created to patch gaps in older physical frameworks.