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Optical bistability in Mid-Infrared High Quality Factor Silicon-Germanium Resonators

Marko Perestjuk, Rémi Armand, Sandoval Campos, Miguel, Gerardo, Ujjal Chettri, Lamine Ferhat, Jean‐Michel Hartmann, Vincent Mathieu, Guanghui Ren, Andreas Boes, Arnan Mitchell, N. Bresson, Vincent Reboud, Christelle Monat, Christian Grillet

Published Aug 4, 2025• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We report Optical bistability in high-Q Silicon Germanium (SiGe) Ring Resonators in the Mid-Infrared (MIR) wavelength range between 3.5-4.6 μm. We numerically show that the high Q factor in combination with the observed nonlinearities is sufficient to generate soliton-based frequency comb.

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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•May 21, 2015•13 citations
Over the past few decades, optical ring resonators have attracted a considerable amount of attention as versatile elements for a wide range of applications ranging from telecommunication and sensing to basic scientific research [1,2]. The silicon-on-insulator (SOI) material system is a mature fabrication technique and provides the ability to implement microring resonators. In addition, the high confinement of light and the large third-order nonlinearity of silicon at wavelengths in the near infrared, typically around 1.4-1.6 µm, can be utilized for a number of applications by microring resonator devices [3,4]. The optical bistability observed in silicon-based microring resonators have been theoretically investigated and numerically simulated through various sophisticated techniques [5-9]. However, only recently unifying analytical theories regarding nonlinear effects of optical bistability in microring resonators in terms of a slowly varying envelope approach have been reported [10,11]. Previously, we analytically described the nonlinear response of microring resonators consisting of an add-drop filter with feedback and showed that Fano lineshapes can be adjusted by the resonator parameters [12]. In this chapter, we extend our work to examine the optical bistabililty in such microring resonators and test the analytical results with those predicted by the OptiFDTD software package.
Ring resonators are critical in optical systems for their compact size and high selectivity. By leveraging optical bistability-arising from nonlinear effects like the Kerr effect-they enable advanced functionalities, whose performance is strictly correlated to ring resonator ones. Here, a silicon nitride ring resonator, with a groundbreaking Q-factor > 150 million and extinction ratio> 5 dB by gaining from low optical losses and Kerr effect, is presented, unlocking new potentials for data storage, sensing and signal processing technologies.
Here we present the experimental demonstration of a Silicon ring resonator photon-pair source. The crystalline Silicon ring resonator (radius of 18.5μm) was designed to realize low dispersion across multiple resonances, which allows for operation with a high quality factor of Q~50k. In turn, the source exhibits very high brightness of >3x105 photons/s/mW2/GHz since the produced photon pairs have a very narrow bandwidth. Furthermore, the waveguidefiber coupling loss was minimized to <1.5dB using an inverse tapered waveguide (tip width of ~150nm over a 300μm length) that is butt-coupled to a high-NA fiber (Nufern UHNA-7). This ensured minimal loss of photon pairs to the detectors, which enabled very high purity photon pairs with minimal noise, as exhibited by a very high Coincidental-Accidental Ratio of >1900. The low coupling loss (3dB fiber-fiber) also allowed for operation with very low off-chip pump power of <200μW. In addition, the zero dispersion of the ring resonator resulted in the production of a photon-pair comb across multiple resonances symmetric about the pump resonance (every ~5nm spanning >20nm), which could be used in future wavelength division multiplexed quantum networks.