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Optical bistability in high-Q silicon-germanium ring resonators in the mid-infrared

Marko Perestjuk, Rémi Armand, Julien H. Lumeau, Antonin Moreau, Arnan Mitchell, Andreas Boes, Guanghui Ren, Jean‐Michel Hartmann, Jean-Marc Fédéli, Vincent Reboud, P. Brianceau, Lamine Ferhat, Christelle Monat, Christian Grillet

Published Jul 1, 2024• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We strongly improve the power coupling to high quality factor on-chip silicon germanium ring resonators by fabrication optimization and anti-reflection coatings. This allows us to demonstrate optical bistability on the silicon-germanium-on-silicon platform in the mid-infrared at wavelengths around 4.1µm.

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Photonics North (PN)•May 20, 2025•0 citations
We demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, optical bistability on a highly integrated silicon device, using a 5-microm-radius ring resonator. The strong light-confinement nature of the resonator induces nonlinear optical response with low pump power. We show that the optical bistability allows all-optical functionalities, such as switching and memory with microsecond time response and a modulation depth of 10 dB, driven by pump power as low as 45 microW. Silicon optical bistability relies on a fast thermal nonlinear optical effect presenting a 500-kHz modulation bandwidth.
Over the past few decades, optical ring resonators have attracted a considerable amount of attention as versatile elements for a wide range of applications ranging from telecommunication and sensing to basic scientific research [1,2]. The silicon-on-insulator (SOI) material system is a mature fabrication technique and provides the ability to implement microring resonators. In addition, the high confinement of light and the large third-order nonlinearity of silicon at wavelengths in the near infrared, typically around 1.4-1.6 µm, can be utilized for a number of applications by microring resonator devices [3,4]. The optical bistability observed in silicon-based microring resonators have been theoretically investigated and numerically simulated through various sophisticated techniques [5-9]. However, only recently unifying analytical theories regarding nonlinear effects of optical bistability in microring resonators in terms of a slowly varying envelope approach have been reported [10,11]. Previously, we analytically described the nonlinear response of microring resonators consisting of an add-drop filter with feedback and showed that Fano lineshapes can be adjusted by the resonator parameters [12]. In this chapter, we extend our work to examine the optical bistabililty in such microring resonators and test the analytical results with those predicted by the OptiFDTD software package.
Ring resonators are critical in optical systems for their compact size and high selectivity. By leveraging optical bistability-arising from nonlinear effects like the Kerr effect-they enable advanced functionalities, whose performance is strictly correlated to ring resonator ones. Here, a silicon nitride ring resonator, with a groundbreaking Q-factor > 150 million and extinction ratio> 5 dB by gaining from low optical losses and Kerr effect, is presented, unlocking new potentials for data storage, sensing and signal processing technologies.