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CRC Press eBooks

Optical Bistability

Preecha Yupapin, Jalil Ali

Published Jul 30, 2013• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Over the past few decades, optical ring resonators have attracted a considerable amount of attention as versatile elements for a wide range of applications ranging from telecommunication and sensing to basic scientific research [1,2]. The silicon-on-insulator (SOI) material system is a mature fabrication technique and provides the ability to implement microring resonators. In addition, the high confinement of light and the large third-order nonlinearity of silicon at wavelengths in the near infrared, typically around 1.4-1.6 µm, can be utilized for a number of applications by microring resonator devices [3,4]. The optical bistability observed in silicon-based microring resonators have been theoretically investigated and numerically simulated through various sophisticated techniques [5-9]. However, only recently unifying analytical theories regarding nonlinear effects of optical bistability in microring resonators in terms of a slowly varying envelope approach have been reported [10,11]. Previously, we analytically described the nonlinear response of microring resonators consisting of an add-drop filter with feedback and showed that Fano lineshapes can be adjusted by the resonator parameters [12]. In this chapter, we extend our work to examine the optical bistabililty in such microring resonators and test the analytical results with those predicted by the OptiFDTD software package.

DOI
10.1201/b15379-5

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Over the past few decades, optical ring resonators have attracted a considerable amount of attention as versatile elements for a wide range of applications ranging from telecommunication and sensing to basic scientific research [1,2]. The silicon-on-insulator (SOI) material system is a mature fabrication technique and provides the ability to implement microring resonators. In addition, the high confinement of light and the large third-order nonlinearity of silicon at wavelengths in the near infrared, typically around 1.4-1.6 µm, can be utilized for a number of applications by microring resonator devices [3,4]. The optical bistability observed in silicon-based microring resonators have been theoretically investigated and numerically simulated through various sophisticated techniques [5-9]. However, only recently unifying analytical theories regarding nonlinear effects of optical bistability in microring resonators in terms of a slowly varying envelope approach have been reported [10,11]. Previously, we analytically described the nonlinear response of microring resonators consisting of an add-drop filter with feedback and showed that Fano lineshapes can be adjusted by the resonator parameters [12]. In this chapter, we extend our work to examine the optical bistabililty in such microring resonators and test the analytical results with those predicted by the OptiFDTD software package.
We describe the optical bistability phenomenon in a silicon-on-insulator microring resonators device by using an analytical theory, which includes both linear and nonlinear effects such as two-photon absorption, Kerr effect, free carrier and thermo-optic effect (TOE). We show that the bistable switching threshold and the hysteresis loop width can be tuned by geometrical parameters of the device and by the nonlinear parameters. The accuracy of the analytical approach is verified by comparing the spectrum responds with the predicting data from a commercial finite-difference time-domain software tool, and a very close agreement is found between the two when TOE is incorporated in analytical theory. In addition, our analysis reveals that a new type of hysteresis loop occurs at low input intensity. The mode suppression of the designed device by Vernier effect for tunable filter applications is also briefly discussed.
The nonlinear phenomenon known as optical bistability, which enables optical systems to maintain two stable output states for a single input, is thoroughly examined in this review article. Through a detailed analysis of two important devices—the Simple Fiber Ring (SFR) resonator and the Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirror (NOLM)—it investigates the basic concepts of optical bistability, namely nonlinearity and feedback. Numerical simulations demonstrating dynamic dynamics and stability conditions bolster a strong theoretical framework. Recent advancements in bistable optical technologies, including developments in epsilon-near-zero materials, silicon photonics, hybrid plasmonic structures, neuromorphic photonics, and AI-driven photonic processors are also discussed. Furthermore, this review highlights emerging applications of optical bistability in optical logic circuits, high-speed communication, and quantum information processing. This review work is a useful tool for researchers and engineers creating next-generation optical systems because it connects theoretical insights with cutting-edge technological developments.
Optical bistability is one of the nonlinear properties that produce an essential light control which contributes in various photonics applications such as all-optical switching and optical memory. In this thesis, bistability behavior of optical signals generated in microring resonator (MRR) systems using bright soliton input pulses with 1.55 µm wavelength is studied. The generation of the bistable signals is mathematically analyzed through the transfer matrix analysis and simulated by the MATLAB software version 2014a. The behavior of the propagated input pulses in terms of intensity and phase shift is investigated for different configurations including All-pass MRR, Add-drop MRR and PANDA MRR systems. Three novel Mobius MRR configurations consist of All-pass Mobius MRR, Add-drop Mobius MRR and PANDA Mobius MRR configurations are proposed and the light treatment through Mobius MRR systems is analytically studied and compared with conventional MRR systems. For determining the effect of physical parameters such as ring radius, control power variation and coupling coefficients on the output pulse, the optical hysteresis loops of bistable signals are generated via silicon-on-insulator nonlinear MRR configurations. The analyses of the results are conducted by calculating the output switching power, input threshold power and hysteresis width of bistable loop for radius variation from 1 µm to 6 µm with an increment of 1 µm, change of coupling coefficient from 0.4 to 0.9 with increment of 0.1 and variation of controlled power from 50 mW to 100 mW with increment of 10 mW. It is found that small coupling coefficients enhance the hysteresis width and output switching power of optical bistable loops. The value of output switching power obtained at the output port of Add-drop Mobius MRR is 30.26 mW which is higher than those obtained from All-pass Mobius and PANDA Mobius MRR configurations. The threshold powers of the All-pass Mobius, Add-drop Mobius and PANDA Mobius configurations for on switching operations are obtained as 20.59 mW, 31.39 mW and 25.19 mW respectively. It is found that, optimization of the Mobius MRR system can be conducted by increasing the external radius of Mobius ring waveguide and decreasing the coupling coefficient with implementation of the high control power. In this work, the Mobius configurations are introduced as a convenient compact design to generate optical bistability in comparison with conventional configurations of nonlinear MRR system.
We theoretically analyze and experimentally demonstrate optical bi-stability and multi-stability in an integrated nonlinear high-order microring resonator filter based on high-index contrast doped silica glass. We use a nonlinear model accounting for both the Kerr and thermal effects to analyze the instability behavior of the coupled-resonator based filter. The model also accurately predicts the multi-stable behavior of the filter when the input frequency is slightly detuned. To understand the role of the intracavity power distribution, we investigate the detuning of the individual rings of the filter from the optical response with a pump–probe experiment. Such a measurement is performed scanning the filter with a low-power probe beam tuned a few free spectral ranges away from the resonance where the pump is coupled. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the nonlinear behavior and the intracavity power distribution for the high-order microring resonator filter will help the design and implementation of future all-optical switching systems using this type of filter.
The theoretical investigation has been performed on the implementation of optical Mobius shape in add-drop microring resonator. The modified add-drop Mobius configuration is used to investigate the optical bistability and the spectral transmission. The optical bright soliton pulse is used as the input source of the resonator system. The pulses propagation of the resonator system is modelled using the iterative programming based on the transfer matrix analysis equations. The enhancement of nonlinear effect of the resonator system is achieved by the add-drop Mobius resonator configuration. The system has been modelled for a variation of coupling coefficient for increase the bistable signal properties. The Add-drop Mobius MRR generated a bistable signal with 6.01 mW hysteresis width, and 9.47 mW output switch power with optimized radius of 5 µm outer and 4.5 m inner ring parts with 50 mW controlled power and input power. Mobius configuration is found as the better shape of resonator cavity that capable of optical switching application.