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Nature

A 98-qubit trapped-ion quantum computer with all-to-all connectivity

Anthony Ransford, Mark Allman, Jake Arkinstall, J. P. Campora, Samuel F. Cooper, Robert D. Delaney, Joan Dreiling, Brian Estey, Caroline Figgatt, A G Hall, Ali Husain, Akhil Isanaka, Colin J. Kennedy, Nikhil Kotibhaskar, Ivaylo S. Madjarov, Karl Mayer, Alistair R. Milne, Annie Jihyun Park, Adam Reed, Riley Ancona, Molly P. Andersen, Pablo Andres-Martinez, Will Angenent, Liz Argueta, Benjamin Arkin, Leonardo Ascarrunz, William Baker, Corey Barnes, John P. Bartolotta, Jordan Berg, Ryan Besand, Bryce Bjork, Matthew G. Blain, Paul Blanchard, Robin Blume-Kohout, Matthew J. Bohn, Agustín Borgna, Daniel Y. Botamanenko, Robert Boutelle, Natalie Brown, Grant T. Buckingham, Nathaniel Burdick, William Cody Burton, Varis Carey, Christopher J. Carron, Joe Chambers, Jia Wen Chan, John Children, V. E. Colussi, Steven Crepinsek, Andrew Cureton, Joe Davies, Daniel Davis, Matthew P. DeCross, David Deen, Conor Delaney, Davide DelVento, BJ DeSalvo, Jason Dominy, Sydney Drotar, Ross Duncan, Vanya Eccles, Alec Edgington, Neal Erickson, Stephen Erickson, Christopher T. Ertsgaard, Jay Esposito, Bruce Evans, Tyler Evans, Maya Fabrikant, Andrew Fischer, Cameron Foltz, Michael Foss‐Feig, David Francois, Brad Freyberg, Charles Gao, Garay Róbert, Jane Garvin, David M. Gaudiosi, C. N. Gilbreth, Josh Giles, Erin Glynn, Jeff Graves, Azure Hansen, David Hayes, Lukas Heidemann, Bob Higashi, Tyler Hilbun, Jordan Hines, Ariana Hlavaty, Kyle Hoffman, Ian M. Hoffman, C. A. Holliman, Isobel Hooper, Bob Horning, James Hostetter, Daniel Hothem, Jack Houlton, J. J. Hout, Ross B. Hutson

Published Jun 17, 2026• 16 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We report on Quantinuum Helios, a 98-qubit trapped-ion quantum processor based on the quan- tum charge-coupled device (QCCD) architecture. Helios features 137Ba+ hyperfine qubits, all-to-all connectivity enabled by a rotatable ion storage ring connecting two quantum operation regions by a junction, speed improvements from parallelized operations, and a new software stack with real-time compilation of dynamic programs. Averaged over all operational zones in the system, we achieve average infidelities of 2.5(1) × 10−5 for single-qubit gates, 7.9(2) × 10−4 for two-qubit gates, and 4.8(6) × 10−4 for state preparation and measurement, none of which are fundamentally limited and likely able to be improved. These component infidelities are predictive of system-level performance in both random Clifford circuits and random circuit sampling, the latter demonstrating that Helios operates well beyond the reach of classical simulation and establishes a new frontier of fidelity and complexity for quantum computers.

DOI
10.1038/s41586-026-10676-4

Related papers

Helios: A 98-qubit trapped-ion quantum computer

Anthony Ransford, M. S. Allman, Jake Arkinstall +183 more

We report on Quantinuum Helios, a 98-qubit trapped-ion quantum processor based on the quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) architecture. Helios features $^{137}$Ba$^{+}$ hyperfine qubits, all-to-all connectivity enabled by a rotatable ion storage ring connecting two quantum operation regions by a junction, speed improvements from parallelized operations, and a new software stack with real-time compilation of dynamic programs. Averaged over all operational zones in the system, we achieve average infidelities of $2.5(1)\times10^{-5}$ for single-qubit gates, $7.9(2)\times10^{-4}$ for two-qubit gates, and $4.8(6)\times10^{-4}$ for state preparation and measurement, none of which are fundamentally limited and likely able to be improved. These component infidelities are predictive of system-level performance in both random Clifford circuits and random circuit sampling, the latter demonstrating that Helios operates well beyond the reach of classical simulation and establishes a new frontier of fidelity and complexity for quantum computers.

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Demonstration of the QCCD trapped-ion quantum computer architecture

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The trapped-ion QCCD (quantum charge-coupled device) architecture proposal lays out a blueprint for a universal quantum computer. The design begins with electrodes patterned on a two-dimensional surface configured to trap multiple arrays of ions (or ion crystals). Communication within the ion crystal network allows for the machine to be scaled while keeping the number of ions in each crystal to a small number, thereby preserving the low error rates demonstrated in trapped-ion experiments. By proposing to communicate quantum information by moving the ions through space to interact with other distant ions, the architecture creates a quantum computer endowed with full-connectivity. However, engineering this fully-connected computer introduces a host of difficulties that have precluded the architecture from being fully realized in the twenty years since its proposal. Using a Honeywell cryogenic surface trap, we report on the integration of all necessary ingredients of the QCCD architecture into a programmable trapped-ion quantum computer. Using four and six qubit circuits, the system level performance of the processor is quantified by the fidelity of a teleported CNOT gate utilizing mid-circuit measurement and a quantum volume measurement of $2^6=64$. By demonstrating that the low error rates achievable in small ion crystals can be successfully integrated with a scalable trap design, parallel optical delivery, and fast ion transport, the QCCD architecture is shown to be a viable path toward large quantum computers. Atomic ions provide perfectly identical, high-fidelity qubits. Our work shows that the QCCD architecture built around these qubits will provide high performance quantum computers, likely enabling important near-term demonstrations such as quantum error correction and quantum advantage.

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Abstract The trapped-ion quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) proposal1, 2 lays out a blueprint for a universal quantum computer that uses mobile ions as qubits. Analogous to a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, which stores and processes imaging information as movable electrical charges in coupled pixels, a QCCD computer stores quantum information in the internal state of electrically charged ions that are transported between different processing zones using dynamic electric fields. The promise of the QCCD architecture is to maintain the low error rates demonstrated in small trapped-ion experiments3–5 by limiting the quantum interactions to multiple small ion crystals, then physically splitting and rearranging the constituent ions of these crystals into new crystals, where further interactions occur. This approach leverages transport timescales that are fast relative to the coherence times of the qubits, the insensitivity of the qubit states of the ion to the electric fields used for transport, and the low crosstalk afforded by spatially separated crystals. However, engineering a machine capable of executing these operations across multiple interaction zones with low error introduces many difficulties, which have slowed progress in scaling this architecture to larger qubit numbers. Here we use a cryogenic surface trap to integrate all necessary elements of the QCCD architecture—a scalable trap design, parallel interaction zones and fast ion transport—into a programmable trapped-ion quantum computer that has a system performance consistent with the low error rates achieved in the individual ion crystals. We apply this approach to realize a teleported CNOT gate using mid-circuit measurement6, negligible crosstalk error and a quantum volume7 of 26 = 64. These results demonstrate that the QCCD architecture provides a viable path towards high-performance quantum computers.

•Jan 1, 2021•87 citations

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Quantinuum has deployed trapped-ion quantum computers based on a quantum charge-coupled (QCCD) architecture exhibiting high-fidelity operations, mid-circuit measurements, and full connectivity with record performance. Quantinuum recently released its accelerated Roadmap outlining plans to reach thousands of physical qubits while further reducing logical qubit error rates in commercial systems by 2029 [1]. Longerterm scaling of the QCCD device architecture will be enabled by replacing bulk free-space optics with integrated photonics for improved light delivery and detection. To this end, Quantinuum is developing integrated photonics technologies at the visible and ultraviolet wavelengths required for future large-scale trapped-ion quantum computers. This poster presents recent developments in materials (waveguiding materials, transparent conductive materials), visible and ultraviolet integrated photonics components for light routing and control, and the various paths to their implementation. These developments are expected to enable scaling towards larger qubit counts while reducing the physical size of the optical control systems.

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Shuttling-based trapped-ion quantum computers (QCCD) rank among the most mature hardware platforms. Existing and envisaged devices exhibit architectural differences in terms of register layout and connectivity. Platform-specific compilers are required to translate quantum circuits into resource-optimized hardware-level command chains. Hardware platforms and compiler software stacks are mostly developed independently of one another by different research communities. This work aims to bridge these communities by abstracting QCCD architectures and native operations, enabling computer scientists to address compilation problems using generic methods without requiring a deep background in the physical operating principles of the platform. The resulting design space is organized into a small set of architectural archetypes, each posing its own compilation problem. We then select and apply compilation methods to one- and two-dimensional QCCD architectures, finding that the routing overhead scales approximately cubically with the number of qubits for the one-dimensional architecture and approximately quadratically for the two-dimensional one. Extending this to compilation with a quantum error-correction layer reveals additional differences and similarities between the physical and logical levels. We conclude that co-design is a requirement rather than an option, and this work provides the vocabulary, archetypes, and compilation abstraction it needs.

quant-pharXiv:2610.36965•Oct 28, 2026•0 citations
Abstract We report on Quantinuum Helios, a 98-qubit trapped-ion quantum processor based on the quan- tum charge-coupled device (QCCD) architecture. Helios features 137Ba+ hyperfine qubits, all-to-all connectivity enabled by a rotatable ion storage ring connecting two quantum operation regions by a junction, speed improvements from parallelized operations, and a new software stack with real-time compilation of dynamic programs. Averaged over all operational zones in the system, we achieve average infidelities of 2.5(1) × 10−5 for single-qubit gates, 7.9(2) × 10−4 for two-qubit gates, and 4.8(6) × 10−4 for state preparation and measurement, none of which are fundamentally limited and likely able to be improved. These component infidelities are predictive of system-level performance in both random Clifford circuits and random circuit sampling, the latter demonstrating that Helios operates well beyond the reach of classical simulation and establishes a new frontier of fidelity and complexity for quantum computers.
We report on Quantinuum Helios, a 98-qubit trapped-ion quantum processor based on the quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) architecture. Helios features 137^{137}137Ba+^{+}+ hyperfine qubits, all-to-all connectivity enabled by a rotatable ion storage ring connecting two quantum operation regions by a junction, speed improvements from parallelized operations, and a new software stack with real-time compilation of dynamic programs. Averaged over all operational zones in the system, we achieve average infidelities of 2.5(1)×10−52.5(1)\times10^{-5}2.5(1)×10−5 for single-qubit gates, 7.9(2)×10−47.9(2)\times10^{-4}7.9(2)×10−4 for two-qubit gates, and 4.8(6)×10−44.8(6)\times10^{-4}4.8(6)×10−4 for state preparation and measurement, none of which are fundamentally limited and likely able to be improved. These component infidelities are predictive of system-level performance in both random Clifford circuits and random circuit sampling, the latter demonstrating that Helios operates well beyond the reach of classical simulation and establishes a new frontier of fidelity and complexity for quantum computers.
The trapped-ion QCCD (quantum charge-coupled device) architecture proposal lays out a blueprint for a universal quantum computer. The design begins with electrodes patterned on a two-dimensional surface configured to trap multiple arrays of ions (or ion crystals). Communication within the ion crystal network allows for the machine to be scaled while keeping the number of ions in each crystal to a small number, thereby preserving the low error rates demonstrated in trapped-ion experiments. By proposing to communicate quantum information by moving the ions through space to interact with other distant ions, the architecture creates a quantum computer endowed with full-connectivity. However, engineering this fully-connected computer introduces a host of difficulties that have precluded the architecture from being fully realized in the twenty years since its proposal. Using a Honeywell cryogenic surface trap, we report on the integration of all necessary ingredients of the QCCD architecture into a programmable trapped-ion quantum computer. Using four and six qubit circuits, the system level performance of the processor is quantified by the fidelity of a teleported CNOT gate utilizing mid-circuit measurement and a quantum volume measurement of 26=642^6=6426=64. By demonstrating that the low error rates achievable in small ion crystals can be successfully integrated with a scalable trap design, parallel optical delivery, and fast ion transport, the QCCD architecture is shown to be a viable path toward large quantum computers. Atomic ions provide perfectly identical, high-fidelity qubits. Our work shows that the QCCD architecture built around these qubits will provide high performance quantum computers, likely enabling important near-term demonstrations such as quantum error correction and quantum advantage.
We describe and benchmark a new quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) trapped-ion quantum computer based on a linear trap with periodic boundary conditions, which resembles a race track.The new system successfully incorporates several technologies crucial to future scalability-including electrode broadcasting, multilayer rf routing, and magneto-optical trap (MOT) loading-while maintaining, and in some cases exceeding, the gate fidelities of previous QCCD systems.The system is initially operated with 32 qubits, but future upgrades will allow for more.We benchmark the performance of primitive operations, including an average state preparation and measurement error of 1.6ð1Þ × 10 -3 , an average single-qubit gate infidelity of 2.5ð3Þ × 10 -5 , and an average two-qubit gate infidelity of 1.84ð5Þ × 10 -3 .The systemlevel performance of the quantum processor is assessed with mirror benchmarking, linear cross-entropy benchmarking, a quantum volume measurement of QV ¼ 2 16 , and the creation of 32-qubit entanglement in a GHZ state.We also tested application benchmarks, including Hamiltonian simulation, QAOA, error correction on a repetition code, and dynamics simulations using qubit reuse.We also discuss future upgrades to the new system aimed at adding more qubits and capabilities.
Abstract The trapped-ion quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) proposal1, 2 lays out a blueprint for a universal quantum computer that uses mobile ions as qubits. Analogous to a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, which stores and processes imaging information as movable electrical charges in coupled pixels, a QCCD computer stores quantum information in the internal state of electrically charged ions that are transported between different processing zones using dynamic electric fields. The promise of the QCCD architecture is to maintain the low error rates demonstrated in small trapped-ion experiments3–5 by limiting the quantum interactions to multiple small ion crystals, then physically splitting and rearranging the constituent ions of these crystals into new crystals, where further interactions occur. This approach leverages transport timescales that are fast relative to the coherence times of the qubits, the insensitivity of the qubit states of the ion to the electric fields used for transport, and the low crosstalk afforded by spatially separated crystals. However, engineering a machine capable of executing these operations across multiple interaction zones with low error introduces many difficulties, which have slowed progress in scaling this architecture to larger qubit numbers. Here we use a cryogenic surface trap to integrate all necessary elements of the QCCD architecture—a scalable trap design, parallel interaction zones and fast ion transport—into a programmable trapped-ion quantum computer that has a system performance consistent with the low error rates achieved in the individual ion crystals. We apply this approach to realize a teleported CNOT gate using mid-circuit measurement6, negligible crosstalk error and a quantum volume7 of 26 = 64. These results demonstrate that the QCCD architecture provides a viable path towards high-performance quantum computers.
Quantinuum has deployed trapped-ion quantum computers based on a quantum charge-coupled (QCCD) architecture exhibiting high-fidelity operations, mid-circuit measurements, and full connectivity with record performance. Quantinuum recently released its accelerated Roadmap outlining plans to reach thousands of physical qubits while further reducing logical qubit error rates in commercial systems by 2029 [1]. Longerterm scaling of the QCCD device architecture will be enabled by replacing bulk free-space optics with integrated photonics for improved light delivery and detection. To this end, Quantinuum is developing integrated photonics technologies at the visible and ultraviolet wavelengths required for future large-scale trapped-ion quantum computers. This poster presents recent developments in materials (waveguiding materials, transparent conductive materials), visible and ultraviolet integrated photonics components for light routing and control, and the various paths to their implementation. These developments are expected to enable scaling towards larger qubit counts while reducing the physical size of the optical control systems.
Shuttling-based trapped-ion quantum computers (QCCD) rank among the most mature hardware platforms. Existing and envisaged devices exhibit architectural differences in terms of register layout and connectivity. Platform-specific compilers are required to translate quantum circuits into resource-optimized hardware-level command chains. Hardware platforms and compiler software stacks are mostly developed independently of one another by different research communities. This work aims to bridge these communities by abstracting QCCD architectures and native operations, enabling computer scientists to address compilation problems using generic methods without requiring a deep background in the physical operating principles of the platform. The resulting design space is organized into a small set of architectural archetypes, each posing its own compilation problem. We then select and apply compilation methods to one- and two-dimensional QCCD architectures, finding that the routing overhead scales approximately cubically with the number of qubits for the one-dimensional architecture and approximately quadratically for the two-dimensional one. Extending this to compilation with a quantum error-correction layer reveals additional differences and similarities between the physical and logical levels. We conclude that co-design is a requirement rather than an option, and this work provides the vocabulary, archetypes, and compilation abstraction it needs.