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Measurement

AC-driven temperature measurement of vapor cell in a compact atomic magnetometer with suppressed thermometry-induced magnetic interference

Zhendong Wu, Di Wu, Tengyue Long, Le Jia, Wenhao Guan, Jing Zhang, Zhuo Wang, Xusheng Lei, Xinda Song

Published Jun 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.measurement.2026.122039

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Alkali metal atomic cells are crucial components of atomic instruments, such as atomic magnetometers, atomic gyroscopes, and atomic clocks. A highly uniform and stable heating structure can ensure the stability of the alkali metal atom density. The vapor cell of an atomic magnetometer that uses laser heating has no magnetic field interference and ease of miniaturization, making it superior to hot air heating and AC electric heating. However, the current laser heating structure suffers from low heating efficiency and uneven temperature distribution inside the vapor cell. In this paper, we designed a non-magnetic heating structure based on the laser heating principle. We studied the temperature distribution of the heating structure using the finite element method (FEM) and analyzed the conversion and transfer of laser energy. We found that the heat conduction between the vapor cell and the heating chips (colored filters) is poor, resulting in uneven temperature distribution and low heating efficiency in the vapor cell. Therefore, the addition of graphite film to the four surfaces of the vapor cell was an important improvement. This addition helped to balance the temperature distribution and improve the conduction efficiency of the heating structure. It was measured that the power of the heating laser remained unchanged. After the addition of the graphite film, the temperature difference coefficient (CVT) used to evaluate the internal temperature uniformity of the vapor cell was reduced from 0.1308 to 0.0426. This research paper is crucial for improving the heating efficiency of the non-magnetic heating structure and the temperature uniformity of the vapor cell.
The Svenja and Regal research groups are collaboratively advancing the development of scalar and vector magnetometers, including integrated vector-scalar systems. This thesis focuses on designing a compact optically pumped vector magnetometer (COPVM) that measures the orientation of the magnetic field through Rabi frequencymeasurements driven by a microwave field, serving as an electromagnetic vector reference, across multiple atomic transitions. We transformed a large optical table setup for the vector magnetometer, designed by Cindy's group, into a 20 cm by 10 cm rectangular optical breadboard, designing and fabricating essential components like optical mounts, a microwave cavity, a thermal oven, Kapton heaters, and photodiode electronics to meet the dimensional constraints of COPVMs. To improve temperature uniformity in the vapor cell, we propose a novel cylindrical oven design supported by thermal simulations and in-situ experimental measurements of the vapor cell's heating temperature. We also designed a low-magnetic polyimide heater to mitigate magnetic field interference caused by conventional electrical heating elements. Additionally, we developed a compact cubic dielectric cavity (15 x 15 x 15 mm) with feeding loop antennas as a microwave source to drive various hyperfine 87Rb transitions (σ± and π). This project analyzes miniaturization challenges for the compact physics package (CPP) and its impact on size, weight, and power (SWaP), aiming to maintain optimal functionality. Components like optics mounts and microwave cavities are fabricated from nonmetallic materials using advanced techniques such as selective laser sintering (SLS) and CNC machining, which reduce magnetic interference and enhance structural alignment. This approach also allows for customization and rapid adjustments, supporting flexible prototyping and optimization. This thesis provides a roadmap for designing a compact optically pumped vector magnetometer, addressing key challenges and laying the foundation for future advancements in miniaturized atomic sensors.