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Measurement

Zero-field atomic magnetometer unaffected by longitudinal magnetic field interference

Di Zhan, Yaoguo Wang, Ziao Liu, Yifan Yan, Zhaohui Hu, Jixi Lu

Published Mar 18, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121188

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Abstract The relaxation rate is a fundamental parameter that characterizes the dynamics of atomic ensembles and plays a critical role in the performance of atomic magnetometers. In this study, a transient dynamics model for the NMOR magnetometer is developed based on multipole moment theory, revealing that the decay rate of the transient response to a step magnetic field from zero to certain value is determined by both transverse and longitudinal relaxation rates, whereas that to a step magnetic field from certain value to zero depends solely on the longitudinal relaxation rate. This distinction enables the independent determination of the two relaxation rates. To validate the proposed method, transverse and longitudinal relaxation rates are experimentally measured under various laser powers, which are consistent with the Lorentzian linewidths extracted from magnetic resonance curve fitting. This study provides valuable insights into atomic transient dynamics and contributes to the fast measurement of relaxation rates in NMOR magnetometers.
In recent years, arrayed atomic magnetometers have been continuously applied in biomagnetic scenarios. However, the crosstalk between adjacent sensors introduced by the modulated magnetic fields significantly compromises the imaging accuracy of arrayed atomic magnetometers. To solve this problem, a detuned square-wave optical modulation zero-field atomic magnetometer configuration is developed and we provide an analytical solution of this method. In this scheme, the circularly polarized pump light is used to polarize alkali metal atoms longitudinally, and a beam of detuned square-wave modulated circularly polarized light is applied transversely to generate a light-shift modulation instead of the coil-generated modulated magnetic field. Then the transverse magnetic field is measured by the optical absorption method of longitudinally circularly polarized pump light. This scheme maintains the inherent advantage of high sensitivity in spinexchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometers. Additionally, the all-optical configuration eliminates the need for additional modulated magnetic fields or radio frequency (RF) fields, thereby mitigating crosstalk issues associated with modulated magnetic fields in array applications. Consequently, this scheme exhibits great potential for arraying and is expected to be employed in magnetocardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG).
Spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometers operated under a near-zero magnetic field are used for vector magnetic field measurements with high sensitivity. Previously, the cross-axis coupling error evoked by a nonzero background magnetic field has been verified to be adverse in modulated single-beam magnetometers. Here, in a dual-beam unmodulated SERF magnetometer, we propose a somewhat different solution model for the cross-axis coupling effect where the field of interest couples with the interference field. Considering two cases where the transverse or longitudinal background field exists, the cross-axis coupling effect dependence on multiple factors is investigated here based on the dynamic response under a background magnetic field within ±5 nT. The theoretical and experimental investigation suggests that it has an adverse impact on the output response amplitude and phase and tilts the sensitive axis by several degrees, causing a measurement error on the dual-beam magnetometer. To suppress this effect, the background magnetic field is compensated through the PI closed-loop control. The coupling effect is effectively suppressed by 1.5 times at the 10–40 Hz low-frequency band and the sensitivity reaches 2.4 fT/Hz1/2.