Within the modern quantum mechanics system, the principle of superposition, instantaneous energy level transition, and the derived discourse of superposed states from Schrödinger's cat have long been mainstream theories for interpreting phenomena in the microscopic field. From the perspective of the inherent motion properties of real particles and the unified physical law of causality, such theoretical expressions show obvious cognitive deviations and logical shortcomings. Based on the actual motion of electrons outside the hydrogen nucleus, this paper clarifies that the energy change of electrons is only a continuous and steady change of orbital scale, without orbital jumping with no trajectory or process. This paper objectively points out that the establishment of special concepts such as superposition state, to a large extent, avoids the exploration of the core mechanism of microscopic motion, deliberately blurs the essential physical contradictions, so as to stabilize the existing theoretical framework and weaken rational discussions from different academic perspectives. Based on a neutral academic perspective, this paper clarifies theoretical deviations, returns to the original laws of material motion, and promotes the research of microscopic physics to the essence of objective reality.
Within the modern quantum mechanics system, the principle of superposition, instantaneous energy level transition, and the derived discourse of superposed states from Schrödinger's cat have long been mainstream theories for interpreting phenomena in the microscopic field. From the perspective of the inherent motion properties of real particles and the unified physical law of causality, such theoretical expressions show obvious cognitive deviations and logical shortcomings. Based on the actual motion of electrons outside the hydrogen nucleus, this paper clarifies that the energy change of electrons is only a continuous and steady change of orbital scale, without orbital jumping with no trajectory or process. This paper objectively points out that the establishment of special concepts such as superposition state, to a large extent, avoids the exploration of the core mechanism of microscopic motion, deliberately blurs the essential physical contradictions, so as to stabilize the existing theoretical framework and weaken rational discussions from different academic perspectives. Based on a neutral academic perspective, this paper clarifies theoretical deviations, returns to the original laws of material motion, and promotes the research of microscopic physics to the essence of objective reality.
Based on the globally recognized experimental conclusions and basic textbook theories of physics as the sole logical premise, this paper does not introduce any subjective assumptions or unfalsifiable concepts. It closely adheres to the two objective laws of atomic structure stability and electromagnetic force continuity to rigorously deduce the core physical mechanism of electron motion around the atomic nucleus. The core argument of this paper is that the electromagnetic interaction between electrons and protons must maintain continuous, real-time response without any interruption; otherwise, the atom will collapse immediately. By deeply analyzing the fundamental contradiction between the hypotheses of quantum superposition, quantum jump and electromagnetic continuity, this paper completely falsifies the physical rationality of "electrons existing at multiple points simultaneously" and "discontinuous transition" from the perspective of physical reality. Based on objective facts, this paper aims to construct a complete logical closed loop, fundamentally correct the logical deviation of quantum mechanics in the description of microscopic electron motion, and provide a theoretical path in line with objective reality for the basic research of modern physics.
Schrödinger's cat has long been interpreted by the mainstream as intuitive proof of quantum superposition, but its original intention was Schrödinger's irony and reduction to absurdity of the Copenhagen interpretation. This paper points out that the so-called quantum superposition is not the real physical state of microscopic particles, but the uncertainty phenomenon caused by limited observation methods and inevitable measurement interference. Modern double-slit experiments have realized the emission of single electrons and single photons one by one. Even if only one particle is emitted each time, interference fringes still appear after accumulation. This fact directly proves that each particle has a unique and definite position and path at any time, rather than a superposition state passing through double slits simultaneously. The fundamental reason why a single particle can produce interference is that the particle itself vibrates continuously and has wave properties, rather than a metaphysical superposition state. From the four aspects of original intention, experimental evidence, physical nature and logical judgment, this paper thoroughly clarifies the conceptual substitution of superposition, reveals the objective laws of reality, certainty and uniqueness in the microscopic world, and calls on physics to return to rationality, logic and common sense.
Mainstream quantum mechanics holds that microscopic particles such as electrons exhibit the property of superposition, have no fixed trajectories, and can undergo random quantum transitions. This theoretical system contains two fatal, irreconcilable logical flaws when confronted with macroscopic engineering facts. First, if electrons could indeed teleport instantaneously and randomly via superposition, all particle accelerators built by humans would be completely meaningless, and the huge investment and acceleration principles behind them would be redundant. Second, quantum transition without trajectory or time process is essentially a spacetime jump exceeding the speed of light or even without speed limits, directly violating the fundamental rule of the constancy of the speed of light in physics. Based on real experiments and engineering facts, this paper demonstrates inversely that the elusive quantum superposition and instantaneous transition without process are paper theoretical hypotheses divorced from the real motion laws of particles, and are completely contradictory to the precisely controllable electron acceleration experiments.
The mainstream interpretation of quantum mechanics adopts the probability cloud interpretation to describe the motion of extranuclear electrons. It denies the continuous real orbit of electrons, attributes atomic magnetic moment to the intrinsic property of particles, and explains atomic spectra as traceless spontaneous energy level transitions of electrons. It presupposes that atoms can only absorb photons with energy strictly equal to the energy level difference. Based on the unified physical framework of the Light Source Theory, this paper demonstrates that extranuclear electrons have stable and continuous real orbits of revolution. The centripetal force of the electron orbit is dominated by Coulomb attraction, and gravitational force at atomic scale is negligible. The centripetal force is always perpendicular to the instantaneous motion direction of the electron and does not do work. Only mutual conversion between kinetic energy and electric potential energy inside the system occurs on the elliptical orbit, and there is no spontaneous radiation loss in steady revolution. The constraint for an atom to absorb a photon is that the polarization angle of the photon matches the polarization orientation of the electron orbit, and there is no requirement for the photon energy to correspond to the energy level difference. As long as the polarization matches, photons of any energy can be absorbed. Low energy photons can be absorbed multiple times to accumulate energy gradually, and high energy photons can also be absorbed once to raise the stored energy directly. The orbit adjusts continuously with the change of energy. When the accumulated energy reaches the inherent energy level limit of the atomic system, the original orbit configuration can no longer bear higher stored energy, and the atom releases characteristic photons with fixed energy to form discrete spectra. There is no one to one energy equivalence relationship between absorbed photons and emitted photons, which is the core reason why atomic spectra can be observed and distinguished from background light in the environment. The magnetic field of permanent magnets and the magnetization of materials originate from the directional orbital revolution of electrons. The probability cloud and traceless transition are only mathematical fitting schemes adapted to spectral data rather than physical reality. This interpretation has inherent contradictions such as unexplainable origin of magnetic field, equivalent superluminal transition and Coulomb gravitational collapse. Macroscopic and microscopic phenomena follow unified causal laws, and there are no special motion rules exclusive to quantum systems. Atoms present a spherical three dimensional structure. Extranuclear electrons revolve three dimensionally in spherical space under the three force balance of Coulomb force inertia effect and magnetic force which are perpendicular to each other in pairs. If there is no real orbit, magnetic force has no source of generation, and electrons can only move in a single plane, which cannot explain the spherical shape of atoms. This constitutes an important question to the probability cloud interpretation.
Modern quantum mechanics, despite its flawless mathematical apparatus, has been in a deep ontological crisis for over a century. The traditional Copenhagen interpretation has introduced philosophical mysticism and absurd paradoxes into the description of the microworld, such as the famous mental experiments of "Schrödinger's cat." The orthodox claim that a particle exists simultaneously in multiple mutually exclusive states before measurement (quantum superposition) contradicts the most fundamental ontological law of existence. We have built this paper on a new, solid, realistic postulate, which at the same time represents an ontological axiom: Any object at a given moment in time exists only in one specific and definite physical state. Superposition is not an objective reality—it represents merely a mathematical tool for describing the system. Instead of splitting the universe into two, where the macro- and microworlds operate by different logics, we propose a unified causal model. The fundamental substance of the microworld is a continuous quantum field, the vibration of which before measurement manifests as a real physical wave. The act of measurement is not a "passive observation," but rather a harsh physical intervention. When a macroscopic instrument touches the wave structure of the field, an instantaneous non-linear reaction is born—a quantum spasm (a local phase transition), which instantly condenses the wave into a point-like particle. This article describes in detail the mechanism of this spasm and its connection with the structural deformation of the quantum field.
The Copenhagen interpretation of traditional quantum mechanics describes the behaviour of electrons within atoms using probability clouds, superposition states and instantaneous transitions, denying that electrons have definite motion orbits and continuous evolutionary processes. Based on the author’s two previous core research findings on the continuous motion of extranuclear electrons, this paper cites experimental data from state of the art attosecond ultrashort laser pulses. Through time scale matching, reconstruction of motion sequences and logical deduction constrained by experimental results, it demonstrates that electrons inside atoms possess stable, continuous and periodic orbital motion characteristics. This paper puts forward mechanical challenges to the probability cloud picture and the hypothesis of instantaneous transitions: since electrons have rest mass, any abrupt change in position must be accompanied by corresponding instantaneous external forces as well as energy input or output. An instantaneous transition implies that position change occurs without consuming finite time, which is equivalent to superluminal displacement. This hypothesis lacks a corresponding dynamical mechanism and thus involves profound physical contradictions. In contrast, the continuous motion model yields a complete and self consistent physical explanation solely based on the known Coulomb electrostatic attraction, Lorentz magnetic force and electron inertia. Current attosecond detection results are fully adequate to validate the reasonableness of prior calculations of hydrogen atom orbits and confirm the physical reality of the continuous orbital motion of electrons. This poses a fundamental challenge to the traditional interpretation featuring probability clouds and instantaneous transitions with no intermediate processes.