Based on the globally recognized experimental conclusions and basic textbook theories of physics as the sole logical premise, this paper does not introduce any subjective assumptions or unfalsifiable concepts. It closely adheres to the two objective laws of atomic structure stability and electromagnetic force continuity to rigorously deduce the core physical mechanism of electron motion around the atomic nucleus. The core argument of this paper is that the electromagnetic interaction between electrons and protons must maintain continuous, real-time response without any interruption; otherwise, the atom will collapse immediately. By deeply analyzing the fundamental contradiction between the hypotheses of quantum superposition, quantum jump and electromagnetic continuity, this paper completely falsifies the physical rationality of "electrons existing at multiple points simultaneously" and "discontinuous transition" from the perspective of physical reality. Based on objective facts, this paper aims to construct a complete logical closed loop, fundamentally correct the logical deviation of quantum mechanics in the description of microscopic electron motion, and provide a theoretical path in line with objective reality for the basic research of modern physics.
Based on the globally recognized experimental conclusions and basic textbook theories of physics as the sole logical premise, this paper does not introduce any subjective assumptions or unfalsifiable concepts. It closely adheres to the two objective laws of atomic structure stability and electromagnetic force continuity to rigorously deduce the core physical mechanism of electron motion around the atomic nucleus. The core argument of this paper is that the electromagnetic interaction between electrons and protons must maintain continuous, real-time response without any interruption; otherwise, the atom will collapse immediately. By deeply analyzing the fundamental contradiction between the hypotheses of quantum superposition, quantum jump and electromagnetic continuity, this paper completely falsifies the physical rationality of "electrons existing at multiple points simultaneously" and "discontinuous transition" from the perspective of physical reality. Based on objective facts, this paper aims to construct a complete logical closed loop, fundamentally correct the logical deviation of quantum mechanics in the description of microscopic electron motion, and provide a theoretical path in line with objective reality for the basic research of modern physics.
Within the modern quantum mechanics system, the principle of superposition, instantaneous energy level transition, and the derived discourse of superposed states from Schrödinger's cat have long been mainstream theories for interpreting phenomena in the microscopic field. From the perspective of the inherent motion properties of real particles and the unified physical law of causality, such theoretical expressions show obvious cognitive deviations and logical shortcomings. Based on the actual motion of electrons outside the hydrogen nucleus, this paper clarifies that the energy change of electrons is only a continuous and steady change of orbital scale, without orbital jumping with no trajectory or process. This paper objectively points out that the establishment of special concepts such as superposition state, to a large extent, avoids the exploration of the core mechanism of microscopic motion, deliberately blurs the essential physical contradictions, so as to stabilize the existing theoretical framework and weaken rational discussions from different academic perspectives. Based on a neutral academic perspective, this paper clarifies theoretical deviations, returns to the original laws of material motion, and promotes the research of microscopic physics to the essence of objective reality.
The interior of an atom is an ultrahigh vacuum environment free of medium resistance and energy dissipation. The longterm stable motion of extranuclear electrons relies fundamentally on a continuous, realtime, and synchronous dynamic equilibrium among three interactions: the Coulomb electrostatic attraction from the atomic nucleus, the Lorentz magnetic force generated by the highspeed motion of electrons, and the inertia of electrons themselves. This paper rigorously proves that due to rest mass and inertia, the electron trajectory is neither an ideal perfect circle nor a fixed planar ellipse in celestial mechanics. Planets in the solar system, driven only by universal gravitation and inertia, are confined to motion in a fixed plane and cannot achieve threedimensional spatial deflection. In contrast, electrons are subject to a Lorentz magnetic force perpendicular to the radial Coulomb force, which continuously alters the orbital inclination and direction of motion, enabling 360° omnidirectional spatial orbital motion without a fixed plane or fixed inclination. The macroscopically observed electron cloud is not a random probability distribution, but a longterm trajectory coverage effect of deterministic continuous electron motion. Energy level changes of electrons appear as continuously smooth orbital adjustments, with no instantaneous quantum jumps or teleportation. If, as assumed by traditional quantum mechanics, electrons exhibited discontinuous transitions, probability superposition, or wavefunction collapse, electron motion would be forcibly interrupted, the Lorentz magnetic force would vanish immediately, the threeforce equilibrium would be completely destroyed, and the atom would collapse rapidly, making stable matter impossible. This paper returns to the unified logic of classical mechanics and electromagnetism, restores the continuous, deterministic, and predictable physical nature of microscopic particles, and provides core theoretical support for constructing a unified physical framework connecting macroscopic and microscopic worlds.
This paper re-examines the mechanism of electron motion inside atoms and the causes of photon radiation and photon absorption, abandoning the inherent cognition of fixed electron orbits and quantum transitions in traditional atomic physics. It clarifies that electrons have no physical fixed orbits; orbits are only imaginary concepts constructed for convenience of description, not objective physical realities. With mass, electrons possess inertia and kinetic energy. Under the three-force equilibrium of Coulomb force, electromagnetic force and inertial effect, electrons naturally move in elliptical trajectories rather than regular circles. When an electron moves along an elliptical trajectory, it naturally passes through low-energy regions near the atomic nucleus and high-energy regions far from the nucleus. This change in position arises entirely from its own inertia, involving only the conversion between kinetic energy and potential energy. The electron neither gains nor loses total energy, so it emits no photons and undergoes no energy-level change. An electron loses total energy when emitting a photon outward, and transitions smoothly and continuously to a lower overall motion range under mechanical equilibrium and inertia. Meanwhile, an electron can also absorb external photons and gain energy; its total energy increases, and it similarly expands smoothly to a higher motion range. Photon energy is indivisible and can only be emitted or absorbed as a complete unit. This is the fundamental reason why atoms show discrete emission and absorption spectra. Electron motion is entirely smooth and continuous; instantaneous quantum transitions assumed in traditional physics do not exist. Based on classical mechanics and energy conservation, this paper unifies the laws of macroscopic celestial bodies and microscopic particles, and reconstructs an atomic motion model closer to the essential nature of physics.
Mainstream quantum mechanics holds that microscopic particles such as electrons exhibit the property of superposition, have no fixed trajectories, and can undergo random quantum transitions. This theoretical system contains two fatal, irreconcilable logical flaws when confronted with macroscopic engineering facts. First, if electrons could indeed teleport instantaneously and randomly via superposition, all particle accelerators built by humans would be completely meaningless, and the huge investment and acceleration principles behind them would be redundant. Second, quantum transition without trajectory or time process is essentially a spacetime jump exceeding the speed of light or even without speed limits, directly violating the fundamental rule of the constancy of the speed of light in physics. Based on real experiments and engineering facts, this paper demonstrates inversely that the elusive quantum superposition and instantaneous transition without process are paper theoretical hypotheses divorced from the real motion laws of particles, and are completely contradictory to the precisely controllable electron acceleration experiments.
The Copenhagen interpretation of traditional quantum mechanics describes the behaviour of electrons within atoms using probability clouds, superposition states and instantaneous transitions, denying that electrons have definite motion orbits and continuous evolutionary processes. Based on the author’s two previous core research findings on the continuous motion of extranuclear electrons, this paper cites experimental data from state of the art attosecond ultrashort laser pulses. Through time scale matching, reconstruction of motion sequences and logical deduction constrained by experimental results, it demonstrates that electrons inside atoms possess stable, continuous and periodic orbital motion characteristics. This paper puts forward mechanical challenges to the probability cloud picture and the hypothesis of instantaneous transitions: since electrons have rest mass, any abrupt change in position must be accompanied by corresponding instantaneous external forces as well as energy input or output. An instantaneous transition implies that position change occurs without consuming finite time, which is equivalent to superluminal displacement. This hypothesis lacks a corresponding dynamical mechanism and thus involves profound physical contradictions. In contrast, the continuous motion model yields a complete and self consistent physical explanation solely based on the known Coulomb electrostatic attraction, Lorentz magnetic force and electron inertia. Current attosecond detection results are fully adequate to validate the reasonableness of prior calculations of hydrogen atom orbits and confirm the physical reality of the continuous orbital motion of electrons. This poses a fundamental challenge to the traditional interpretation featuring probability clouds and instantaneous transitions with no intermediate processes.
Based solely on internationally recognized laboratory measured data of the ground-state hydrogen atom, this paper conducts complete calculation and logical derivation of the whole process of electron orbital motion. The whole process includes all core parameters and derivation processes, such as orbital circumference, revolutions per second, equivalent plane square calculation of flattened spherical surface, total number of orbital positions and spatial traversal times, abandoning all subjective assumptions and complex solid geometry disputes. The research clearly shows that the electron has a unique and fixed orbital position at every moment, without quantum superposition state or spontaneous transition. The so-called electron cloud is only the trajectory coverage effect formed by the ultra-high-speed motion of electrons; the so-called quantum superposition state and quantum transition are both misunderstandings of classical deterministic orbital motion. Based on measured data, this paper negates the core hypotheses of electron cloud, superposition state and quantum transition in quantum mechanics with verifiable calculation and logic, proving that electrons are always in deterministic orbital motion, and the stability of atoms is completely governed by classical mechanical rules.