Mainstream quantum mechanics holds that microscopic particles such as electrons exhibit the property of superposition, have no fixed trajectories, and can undergo random quantum transitions. This theoretical system contains two fatal, irreconcilable logical flaws when confronted with macroscopic engineering facts. First, if electrons could indeed teleport instantaneously and randomly via superposition, all particle accelerators built by humans would be completely meaningless, and the huge investment and acceleration principles behind them would be redundant. Second, quantum transition without trajectory or time process is essentially a spacetime jump exceeding the speed of light or even without speed limits, directly violating the fundamental rule of the constancy of the speed of light in physics. Based on real experiments and engineering facts, this paper demonstrates inversely that the elusive quantum superposition and instantaneous transition without process are paper theoretical hypotheses divorced from the real motion laws of particles, and are completely contradictory to the precisely controllable electron acceleration experiments.
Mainstream quantum mechanics holds that microscopic particles such as electrons exhibit the property of superposition, have no fixed trajectories, and can undergo random quantum transitions. This theoretical system contains two fatal, irreconcilable logical flaws when confronted with macroscopic engineering facts. First, if electrons could indeed teleport instantaneously and randomly via superposition, all particle accelerators built by humans would be completely meaningless, and the huge investment and acceleration principles behind them would be redundant. Second, quantum transition without trajectory or time process is essentially a spacetime jump exceeding the speed of light or even without speed limits, directly violating the fundamental rule of the constancy of the speed of light in physics. Based on real experiments and engineering facts, this paper demonstrates inversely that the elusive quantum superposition and instantaneous transition without process are paper theoretical hypotheses divorced from the real motion laws of particles, and are completely contradictory to the precisely controllable electron acceleration experiments.
Based on the globally recognized experimental conclusions and basic textbook theories of physics as the sole logical premise, this paper does not introduce any subjective assumptions or unfalsifiable concepts. It closely adheres to the two objective laws of atomic structure stability and electromagnetic force continuity to rigorously deduce the core physical mechanism of electron motion around the atomic nucleus. The core argument of this paper is that the electromagnetic interaction between electrons and protons must maintain continuous, real-time response without any interruption; otherwise, the atom will collapse immediately. By deeply analyzing the fundamental contradiction between the hypotheses of quantum superposition, quantum jump and electromagnetic continuity, this paper completely falsifies the physical rationality of "electrons existing at multiple points simultaneously" and "discontinuous transition" from the perspective of physical reality. Based on objective facts, this paper aims to construct a complete logical closed loop, fundamentally correct the logical deviation of quantum mechanics in the description of microscopic electron motion, and provide a theoretical path in line with objective reality for the basic research of modern physics.
Schrödinger's cat has long been interpreted by the mainstream as intuitive proof of quantum superposition, but its original intention was Schrödinger's irony and reduction to absurdity of the Copenhagen interpretation. This paper points out that the so-called quantum superposition is not the real physical state of microscopic particles, but the uncertainty phenomenon caused by limited observation methods and inevitable measurement interference. Modern double-slit experiments have realized the emission of single electrons and single photons one by one. Even if only one particle is emitted each time, interference fringes still appear after accumulation. This fact directly proves that each particle has a unique and definite position and path at any time, rather than a superposition state passing through double slits simultaneously. The fundamental reason why a single particle can produce interference is that the particle itself vibrates continuously and has wave properties, rather than a metaphysical superposition state. From the four aspects of original intention, experimental evidence, physical nature and logical judgment, this paper thoroughly clarifies the conceptual substitution of superposition, reveals the objective laws of reality, certainty and uniqueness in the microscopic world, and calls on physics to return to rationality, logic and common sense.
Lying in the core of the conceptual scheme of current quantum theory, the notion of quantum superposition is a consequence of the quantum-mechanical superposition principle. However, relying on precise but not attainable space or time coordinates, quantum superposition makes little sense physically if we use it to describe or explain experimental results obtained by measurement. Space or time is usually modeled by a metric space endowed with the usual distance function. Irrelevant to instrument precision and measurement accuracy, unattainability of precise coordinates is a well-established mathematical fact following from properties of the corresponding metric topology, and hence rules out completely, in principle, the possibility for us to obtain precise coordinates by measurement in actually performed experiments. In classical mechanics, unattainability of precise coordinates is hardly noticeable, and measurement results obtained in classical physics can still be reasonably explained even though precise coordinates are unattainable. However, when we explain measurement results obtained in quantum physics, unattainability of precise coordinates should not be omitted. In the conceptual scheme of current quantum theory, omission of unattainability of precise coordinates is an unfortunate flaw, which is largely responsible not only for the invalidity of quantum superposition in description of the physical world but also for various ineligible applications of quantum mechanics. Nevertheless, in no sense does the flaw imply quantum mechanics as a successful theory failing to be correct. As shown in this article, the flaw is repairable. By taking into account unattainability of precise coordinates, we can reinterpret the meaning of quantum superposition to repair the flaw without affecting eligible applications of quantum mechanics while avoiding all the ineligible applications.
This paper re-examines the mechanism of electron motion inside atoms and the causes of photon radiation and photon absorption, abandoning the inherent cognition of fixed electron orbits and quantum transitions in traditional atomic physics. It clarifies that electrons have no physical fixed orbits; orbits are only imaginary concepts constructed for convenience of description, not objective physical realities. With mass, electrons possess inertia and kinetic energy. Under the three-force equilibrium of Coulomb force, electromagnetic force and inertial effect, electrons naturally move in elliptical trajectories rather than regular circles. When an electron moves along an elliptical trajectory, it naturally passes through low-energy regions near the atomic nucleus and high-energy regions far from the nucleus. This change in position arises entirely from its own inertia, involving only the conversion between kinetic energy and potential energy. The electron neither gains nor loses total energy, so it emits no photons and undergoes no energy-level change. An electron loses total energy when emitting a photon outward, and transitions smoothly and continuously to a lower overall motion range under mechanical equilibrium and inertia. Meanwhile, an electron can also absorb external photons and gain energy; its total energy increases, and it similarly expands smoothly to a higher motion range. Photon energy is indivisible and can only be emitted or absorbed as a complete unit. This is the fundamental reason why atoms show discrete emission and absorption spectra. Electron motion is entirely smooth and continuous; instantaneous quantum transitions assumed in traditional physics do not exist. Based on classical mechanics and energy conservation, this paper unifies the laws of macroscopic celestial bodies and microscopic particles, and reconstructs an atomic motion model closer to the essential nature of physics.
Modern quantum mechanics, despite its flawless mathematical apparatus, has been in a deep ontological crisis for over a century. The traditional Copenhagen interpretation has introduced philosophical mysticism and absurd paradoxes into the description of the microworld, such as the famous mental experiments of "Schrödinger's cat." The orthodox claim that a particle exists simultaneously in multiple mutually exclusive states before measurement (quantum superposition) contradicts the most fundamental ontological law of existence. We have built this paper on a new, solid, realistic postulate, which at the same time represents an ontological axiom: Any object at a given moment in time exists only in one specific and definite physical state. Superposition is not an objective reality—it represents merely a mathematical tool for describing the system. Instead of splitting the universe into two, where the macro- and microworlds operate by different logics, we propose a unified causal model. The fundamental substance of the microworld is a continuous quantum field, the vibration of which before measurement manifests as a real physical wave. The act of measurement is not a "passive observation," but rather a harsh physical intervention. When a macroscopic instrument touches the wave structure of the field, an instantaneous non-linear reaction is born—a quantum spasm (a local phase transition), which instantly condenses the wave into a point-like particle. This article describes in detail the mechanism of this spasm and its connection with the structural deformation of the quantum field.
Existing physics artificially separates the fundamental laws governing the motion of macroscopic celestial bodies and microscopic particles. To resolve the orbit collapse dilemma of classical atomic models, it introduces assumptions such as superposition states and instantaneous quantum transitions, which generate multiple logical contradictions that violate the law of conservation of energy and the ultimate speed limit of light. Based on the Light Primitive Theory, this paper establishes a unified orbital motion system for macro and micro objects. It demonstrates that perfect geometric circles are merely mathematical idealizations, while three-dimensional closed spatial curves represent the long-term stable motion form of electrons at the microscale; two-dimensional planar ellipses are only simplified motion states of macroscopic celestial bodies. This paper points out that closed curves rely on the bidirectional conversion of kinetic energy and potential energy to achieve near-lossless motion with built-in energy storage and anti-interference capabilities. Electrons are constrained by three mutually orthogonal forces, resulting in motion trajectories that cannot be confined to a single plane. All massive physical entities (including electrons) follow unified laws of orbital energy conversion. Meanwhile, this paper systematically exposes the fatal flaws of existing quantum transition theories: instantaneous transitions inevitably involve superluminal motion, displacement without energy exchange contradicts mechanical logic, and superposition states fail to explain the motion mechanisms of physical particles. This research indicates that long-term stable motion in the universe follows closed curved paths, while linear motion is only a transient transitional state. Certain foundational quantum hypotheses are makeshift, erroneous theories created to patch gaps in older physical frameworks.