Existing physics artificially separates the fundamental laws governing the motion of macroscopic celestial bodies and microscopic particles. To resolve the orbit collapse dilemma of classical atomic models, it introduces assumptions such as superposition states and instantaneous quantum transitions, which generate multiple logical contradictions that violate the law of conservation of energy and the ultimate speed limit of light. Based on the Light Primitive Theory, this paper establishes a unified orbital motion system for macro and micro objects. It demonstrates that perfect geometric circles are merely mathematical idealizations, while three-dimensional closed spatial curves represent the long-term stable motion form of electrons at the microscale; two-dimensional planar ellipses are only simplified motion states of macroscopic celestial bodies. This paper points out that closed curves rely on the bidirectional conversion of kinetic energy and potential energy to achieve near-lossless motion with built-in energy storage and anti-interference capabilities. Electrons are constrained by three mutually orthogonal forces, resulting in motion trajectories that cannot be confined to a single plane. All massive physical entities (including electrons) follow unified laws of orbital energy conversion. Meanwhile, this paper systematically exposes the fatal flaws of existing quantum transition theories: instantaneous transitions inevitably involve superluminal motion, displacement without energy exchange contradicts mechanical logic, and superposition states fail to explain the motion mechanisms of physical particles. This research indicates that long-term stable motion in the universe follows closed curved paths, while linear motion is only a transient transitional state. Certain foundational quantum hypotheses are makeshift, erroneous theories created to patch gaps in older physical frameworks.
Existing physics artificially separates the fundamental laws governing the motion of macroscopic celestial bodies and microscopic particles. To resolve the orbit collapse dilemma of classical atomic models, it introduces assumptions such as superposition states and instantaneous quantum transitions, which generate multiple logical contradictions that violate the law of conservation of energy and the ultimate speed limit of light. Based on the Light Primitive Theory, this paper establishes a unified orbital motion system for macro and micro objects. It demonstrates that perfect geometric circles are merely mathematical idealizations, while three-dimensional closed spatial curves represent the long-term stable motion form of electrons at the microscale; two-dimensional planar ellipses are only simplified motion states of macroscopic celestial bodies. This paper points out that closed curves rely on the bidirectional conversion of kinetic energy and potential energy to achieve near-lossless motion with built-in energy storage and anti-interference capabilities. Electrons are constrained by three mutually orthogonal forces, resulting in motion trajectories that cannot be confined to a single plane. All massive physical entities (including electrons) follow unified laws of orbital energy conversion. Meanwhile, this paper systematically exposes the fatal flaws of existing quantum transition theories: instantaneous transitions inevitably involve superluminal motion, displacement without energy exchange contradicts mechanical logic, and superposition states fail to explain the motion mechanisms of physical particles. This research indicates that long-term stable motion in the universe follows closed curved paths, while linear motion is only a transient transitional state. Certain foundational quantum hypotheses are makeshift, erroneous theories created to patch gaps in older physical frameworks.
The interior of an atom is an ultrahigh vacuum environment free of medium resistance and energy dissipation. The longterm stable motion of extranuclear electrons relies fundamentally on a continuous, realtime, and synchronous dynamic equilibrium among three interactions: the Coulomb electrostatic attraction from the atomic nucleus, the Lorentz magnetic force generated by the highspeed motion of electrons, and the inertia of electrons themselves. This paper rigorously proves that due to rest mass and inertia, the electron trajectory is neither an ideal perfect circle nor a fixed planar ellipse in celestial mechanics. Planets in the solar system, driven only by universal gravitation and inertia, are confined to motion in a fixed plane and cannot achieve threedimensional spatial deflection. In contrast, electrons are subject to a Lorentz magnetic force perpendicular to the radial Coulomb force, which continuously alters the orbital inclination and direction of motion, enabling 360° omnidirectional spatial orbital motion without a fixed plane or fixed inclination. The macroscopically observed electron cloud is not a random probability distribution, but a longterm trajectory coverage effect of deterministic continuous electron motion. Energy level changes of electrons appear as continuously smooth orbital adjustments, with no instantaneous quantum jumps or teleportation. If, as assumed by traditional quantum mechanics, electrons exhibited discontinuous transitions, probability superposition, or wavefunction collapse, electron motion would be forcibly interrupted, the Lorentz magnetic force would vanish immediately, the threeforce equilibrium would be completely destroyed, and the atom would collapse rapidly, making stable matter impossible. This paper returns to the unified logic of classical mechanics and electromagnetism, restores the continuous, deterministic, and predictable physical nature of microscopic particles, and provides core theoretical support for constructing a unified physical framework connecting macroscopic and microscopic worlds.
This paper re-examines the mechanism of electron motion inside atoms and the causes of photon radiation and photon absorption, abandoning the inherent cognition of fixed electron orbits and quantum transitions in traditional atomic physics. It clarifies that electrons have no physical fixed orbits; orbits are only imaginary concepts constructed for convenience of description, not objective physical realities. With mass, electrons possess inertia and kinetic energy. Under the three-force equilibrium of Coulomb force, electromagnetic force and inertial effect, electrons naturally move in elliptical trajectories rather than regular circles. When an electron moves along an elliptical trajectory, it naturally passes through low-energy regions near the atomic nucleus and high-energy regions far from the nucleus. This change in position arises entirely from its own inertia, involving only the conversion between kinetic energy and potential energy. The electron neither gains nor loses total energy, so it emits no photons and undergoes no energy-level change. An electron loses total energy when emitting a photon outward, and transitions smoothly and continuously to a lower overall motion range under mechanical equilibrium and inertia. Meanwhile, an electron can also absorb external photons and gain energy; its total energy increases, and it similarly expands smoothly to a higher motion range. Photon energy is indivisible and can only be emitted or absorbed as a complete unit. This is the fundamental reason why atoms show discrete emission and absorption spectra. Electron motion is entirely smooth and continuous; instantaneous quantum transitions assumed in traditional physics do not exist. Based on classical mechanics and energy conservation, this paper unifies the laws of macroscopic celestial bodies and microscopic particles, and reconstructs an atomic motion model closer to the essential nature of physics.
The mainstream interpretation of quantum mechanics adopts the probability cloud interpretation to describe the motion of extranuclear electrons. It denies the continuous real orbit of electrons, attributes atomic magnetic moment to the intrinsic property of particles, and explains atomic spectra as traceless spontaneous energy level transitions of electrons. It presupposes that atoms can only absorb photons with energy strictly equal to the energy level difference. Based on the unified physical framework of the Light Source Theory, this paper demonstrates that extranuclear electrons have stable and continuous real orbits of revolution. The centripetal force of the electron orbit is dominated by Coulomb attraction, and gravitational force at atomic scale is negligible. The centripetal force is always perpendicular to the instantaneous motion direction of the electron and does not do work. Only mutual conversion between kinetic energy and electric potential energy inside the system occurs on the elliptical orbit, and there is no spontaneous radiation loss in steady revolution. The constraint for an atom to absorb a photon is that the polarization angle of the photon matches the polarization orientation of the electron orbit, and there is no requirement for the photon energy to correspond to the energy level difference. As long as the polarization matches, photons of any energy can be absorbed. Low energy photons can be absorbed multiple times to accumulate energy gradually, and high energy photons can also be absorbed once to raise the stored energy directly. The orbit adjusts continuously with the change of energy. When the accumulated energy reaches the inherent energy level limit of the atomic system, the original orbit configuration can no longer bear higher stored energy, and the atom releases characteristic photons with fixed energy to form discrete spectra. There is no one to one energy equivalence relationship between absorbed photons and emitted photons, which is the core reason why atomic spectra can be observed and distinguished from background light in the environment. The magnetic field of permanent magnets and the magnetization of materials originate from the directional orbital revolution of electrons. The probability cloud and traceless transition are only mathematical fitting schemes adapted to spectral data rather than physical reality. This interpretation has inherent contradictions such as unexplainable origin of magnetic field, equivalent superluminal transition and Coulomb gravitational collapse. Macroscopic and microscopic phenomena follow unified causal laws, and there are no special motion rules exclusive to quantum systems. Atoms present a spherical three dimensional structure. Extranuclear electrons revolve three dimensionally in spherical space under the three force balance of Coulomb force inertia effect and magnetic force which are perpendicular to each other in pairs. If there is no real orbit, magnetic force has no source of generation, and electrons can only move in a single plane, which cannot explain the spherical shape of atoms. This constitutes an important question to the probability cloud interpretation.
Mainstream quantum mechanics holds that microscopic particles such as electrons exhibit the property of superposition, have no fixed trajectories, and can undergo random quantum transitions. This theoretical system contains two fatal, irreconcilable logical flaws when confronted with macroscopic engineering facts. First, if electrons could indeed teleport instantaneously and randomly via superposition, all particle accelerators built by humans would be completely meaningless, and the huge investment and acceleration principles behind them would be redundant. Second, quantum transition without trajectory or time process is essentially a spacetime jump exceeding the speed of light or even without speed limits, directly violating the fundamental rule of the constancy of the speed of light in physics. Based on real experiments and engineering facts, this paper demonstrates inversely that the elusive quantum superposition and instantaneous transition without process are paper theoretical hypotheses divorced from the real motion laws of particles, and are completely contradictory to the precisely controllable electron acceleration experiments.
Inside an atom is an ultra-high vacuum environment with no medium, no resistance, and no energy loss. The long-term stability of extranuclear electrons relies on the real-time, continuous dynamic equilibrium between the Coulomb electrostatic attraction from the atomic nucleus and the electromagnetic repulsion generated by the high-speed motion of electrons. This paper clearly points out that due to mass and inertia, the electron orbit cannot be an ideal circle, nor a planar ellipse as in astrophysics. Electrons continuously change their motion inclination in three-dimensional space, showing a 360° omnidirectional stereo circulation without a fixed plane or fixed angle. The long-term trajectory coverage forms the macroscopic illusion of an “electron cloud”, which is essentially the superposition of deterministic continuous motion rather than probabilistic random distribution. Meanwhile, electron energy level transition is a continuous arc orbital change process without instantaneous jumping or teleportation. This theory restores the real, predictable, and continuous mechanical nature of microscopic particles.
ABSTRACT Over the past century, modern physics has been bifurcated into the theory of relativity explaining the macro-world and quantum mechanics dealing with the micro-world. In doing so, it has forfeited mechanical causality, relying instead on mathematical probabilities and geometric optical illusions. This paper meticulously identifies the epistemological blind spots and voids of conventional physics and proposes 'Jung Sung-mo's Grand Unified Dynamics,' which penetrates all forces and motions of the universe with a single, overarching mechanical principle. First, this study establishes the 'Theory of Absolute Intrinsic Physical Metric Relativity,' which posits that every object in the universe independently possesses its own intrinsic unit time (T) and unit distance (L). By introducing the independent metrics (Tc, Lc) of a 'Third-party Omniscient Observer ( C)' into the formulation, we present an algebraic formula for deriving relative velocity, thereby completely and mechanically dismantling the inherent contradictions and the Twin Paradox of Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. Second, the reality of quantum phenomena, previously dismissed as mere probability clouds, is explicitly elucidated through a novel three-step verification framework: [Theoretical Formulation → Algebraic Equation Derivation → 3D Parametric Simulation Verification]. Within the Dynamic Field formed by the intrinsic motion of particles within the Static Field lattice medium, the mechanical cumulative density of multi-dimensionally superimposed and rotating particles is mathematically formulated. In particular, it visually and dynamically demonstrates via a computer simulation (Appendix A) that the geometric configurations of s, p, d, f orbitals—long considered an enigma in quantum mechanics—are not mathematical probability functions, but rather the pure mechanical outcomes of a 'Teardrop Envelope Trajectory' designed for friction avoidance between particles and a 'Surface of Revolution Scanning' across multiple planes. Ultimately, this study declares a paradigm shift toward a grand unified physics that strips away Einstein's spacetime curvature and Schrödinger's probabilistic illusions, thereby fully restoring the authentic mechanical causality of the Field that bridges the macroscopic and microscopic realms of the universe. Keywords: Grand Unified Dynamics, Mechanical Causality, Absolute Intrinsic Metric Relativity, Particle Multi-Dimensional Trajectory Dynamics, Deterministic Trajectory, Orbital Kinematics, Parametric Simulation, Probability Cloud.