This study provides an integrated quantum classical and traditional cryptographic framework that combines the Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution to RSA and AES for achieving highly enhanced secure communication. Upgrading the previous work, involving a BB84 with RSA and AES hybrid scheme. Similarly, this paper advances the security by incorporating DI-QKD in which it rejects assumptions about the internal functioning of the quantum devices and protects against the side channel attacks. In this proposed model, DI-QKD helps to create or generate provably secure shared keys, based on Bell-inequality violations whereas RSA ensures reliability in authentication and public key exchange. AES provides high-speed symmetric encryption for the mass data protection. This paper therefore establishes the complete DI-QKD with RSA and AES workflow simulating secure key generation; producing encrypted message outputs and the performance metrics such as key generation rate; quantum bit error rate; encryption time and overall system throughput is measured. These graphical results are compared with the earlier BB84 hybrid model to evaluate operational efficiency, resistance to adversarial interference and security robustness and too highlights the quantitative improvement offered by DI-QKD especially in antagonistic or untrusted device scenarios. Hence this paper demonstrates that the DI-QKD with RSA, AES hybrid system offering strengthened quantum safe security with classical compatibility, positioning it as a propitious architecture for the futuristic cryptographic networks.
This study provides an integrated quantum classical and traditional cryptographic framework that combines the Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution to RSA and AES for achieving highly enhanced secure communication. Upgrading the previous work, involving a BB84 with RSA and AES hybrid scheme. Similarly, this paper advances the security by incorporating DI-QKD in which it rejects assumptions about the internal functioning of the quantum devices and protects against the side channel attacks. In this proposed model, DI-QKD helps to create or generate provably secure shared keys, based on Bell-inequality violations whereas RSA ensures reliability in authentication and public key exchange. AES provides high-speed symmetric encryption for the mass data protection. This paper therefore establishes the complete DI-QKD with RSA and AES workflow simulating secure key generation; producing encrypted message outputs and the performance metrics such as key generation rate; quantum bit error rate; encryption time and overall system throughput is measured. These graphical results are compared with the earlier BB84 hybrid model to evaluate operational efficiency, resistance to adversarial interference and security robustness and too highlights the quantitative improvement offered by DI-QKD especially in antagonistic or untrusted device scenarios. Hence this paper demonstrates that the DI-QKD with RSA, AES hybrid system offering strengthened quantum safe security with classical compatibility, positioning it as a propitious architecture for the futuristic cryptographic networks.
Abstract This paper is all about making digital communication more secure by combining quantum technology with traditional encryption methods. Normally, we use algorithms like RSA and AES to encrypt messages, but with the increase of quantum technology, those methods might not be safe enough in the future. So, in this system, we’ve used something called the BB84 quantum cryptography key distribution protocol, when using the law of quantum physics to securely create keys for encryption. These keys are then used in RSA and AES to encrypt and decrypt messages, making the communication extremely secure. We’ve also built a simple graphical interface where users can generate keys, encrypt/decrypt messages, and even see visual graphs comparing the performance of our hybrid system with standalone AES and RSA. Overall, this paper shows how we can build a future-proof secure communication system by blending classical cryptography with quantum concepts in a practical and user-friendly way.
The emergence of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic systems, particularly those relying on mathematical hardness assumptions for key exchange. While symmetric algorithms such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) remain efficient and widely deployed, their long-term security ultimately depends on the secrecy of keys. In this paper, we present a hybrid framework that integrates quantum key distribution (QKD) with AES and DES to enhance key security without altering cipher internals. Using the BB84 protocol as the quantum key generator, we implement a simulation-based system in Qiskit and evaluate it against classical pseudo-random key generation.Our methodology covers five phases: establishing AES/DES baselines, generating quantum random keys, implementing BB84 with basis reconciliation and error detection, integrating quantum keys with AES/DES, and benchmarking across varying key sizes and file sizes. Results demonstrate that AES encryption throughput remains stable (around 250–370 MB/s) regardless of key source, while QKD introduces measurable latency in key generation (around 40–110 seconds for 128–256 bits). Importantly, adversarial interference is reliably detected, with 97.3% accuracy in eavesdropper identification.The findings confirm that while classical systems excel in speed and scalability, QKD offers unmatched, physics-backed security assurances. Our study highlights the practicality of hybrid quantum-classical encryption, providing a foundation for secure communication in the post-quantum era.
Traditional encryption techniques face serious threats from the rapid development of quantum computing, which could soon compromise many classical algorithms. To address this, new quantum-resistant security methods are needed to protect private data and communications. This paper proposes a hybrid encryption approach that integrates quantum key distribution (QKD) with a simplified 3×3 advanced encryption standard (AES) key matrix, creating a lightweight system. The objective is to provide an efficient encryption method suitable for devices with limited processing power, such as IoT devices. The model was simulated using Qiskit, achieving an average quantum bit error rate of 0.00%, protocol efficiency of 49.72 %, and quantum fidelity of 1.000 under certain conditions. During eavesdropping scenarios, the error rate increased to 16.90 %. The simplified AES achieved a 50.14 % avalanche effect and an encryption time of 0.3073 ms, reducing latency by 17 % compared to standard AES. These results suggest that combining QKD with lightweight AES can provide quantum resilience and computational efficiency, offering a practical solution for secure communication in the post-quantum era.
Digital communication development creates an increasing threat to data security because emerging quantum computing technologies easily overcome traditional methods of encryption. A security system that integrates traditional encrypting with quantum computing methods shows promise for enhancing safety of networks mechanisms. The Hybrid Quantum Classical–Advanced Encryption System (HQC–AES) integrates the safe symmetrical functionality of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) procedures, specifically BB84 and E91, to ensure quantum resiliency. A secure key exchange together with real-time eavesdropper detection becomes possible through this combined approach, which maintains data confidentiality at a high level. A synthesis of post-quantum cryptography methods, such as Kyber and Falcon, safeguards traditional ways of communicating alongside quantum structures that lack comparability. The HQC–AES model provides solutions to three key cryptographic problems including secure key handling and distribution as well as encrypted transmission and long-term protection. Quantum mechanics enables protection enhancement for both conventional and quantum-based attacks by integrating it with advanced classical encryption methods. Theoretically, simulators and models show that the hybrid model maintains the technical agility of networks via several networked connections while simultaneously securing the reliability of data. The architecture delivers scalable security features to protect high-security cloud applications and financial systems and Internet of Things (IoT) resources by ensuring paramount secure communication capabilities. In safeguarding the transfer of data across several network circumstances, the suggested HQC–AES approach attained an overall accuracy of 98.7%. The fact that it is resistant to both conventional and quantum-based assaults and manages to keep data secure and intact is reflected in its excellent accuracy.
Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution (DI-QKD) represents the pinnacle of secure quantum communication, offering cryptographic guarantees that are independent of the trustworthiness of the devices used. Unlike traditional QKD schemes that rely on specific assumptions about internal device behaviour, DI-QKD leverages the violation of Bell inequalities to certify security solely from observed statistics. This approach eliminates a wide range of side-channel and implementation attacks, making it especially attractive for critical infrastructures and defense applications. The core concept hinges on the ability of the communicating parties, traditionally named Alice and Bob, to generate shared secret keys through the violation of Bell inequalities verified at a central node, named Charlie, regardless of hardware imperfections. Previous works demonstrated the feasibility of a Bell-certified key exchange over a real optical channel using a heralded entanglement scheme. This work aims to build on that foundation, presenting a full-stack engineering implementation of a DI-QKD system that includes industrial-grade entangled photon sources, high-efficiency SNSPD detectors, central-node heralding logic, and a real-time software stack for key management, observability, and integration with classical IT infrastructure.
Secure communication has become essential due to the rapid increase in cyber-attacks and data security threats in modern networks. Traditional communication systems mainly rely on classical security methods, which may become vulnerable to advanced attacks. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) improves secure communication by generating cryptographic keys using quantum principles, making key interception extremely difficult. In this work, a Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) is integrated with classical communication to develop a hybrid quantum-classical communication framework. The QRNG generates highly random bits that improve authentication, randomness, and key security. The proposed system compares three QKD protocols: BB84, B92, and E91 using different bit sizes of 8000, 10000, and 13000 bits. The protocols are evaluated using important metrics such as QBER, key rate, entropy, erasure rate, throughput, and correlation. Experimental results show that all protocols achieved entropy values close to 1 and correlation values near zero, indicating strong randomness and secure key generation. Among the evaluated protocols, E91 achieved lower QBER values and higher key rates, while BB84 showed stable and reliable performance. B92 produced comparatively higher error rates under similar conditions. The throughput remained nearly 278–281 bits/sec across all experiments. A ranking-based analysis confirmed that E91 provides the best balance between security, efficiency, and communication performance, making it suitable for future quantum-secure communication systems.