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International Conference on Next-Gen Quantum and Advanced Computing: Algorithms, Security, and Beyond (NQComp)

CrypTon: A Hybrid Quantum-Classical Framework Integrating BB84 Quantum Key Distribution with AES for Secure Communication

Vishesh Goyal, Raguru Jaya Krishna

Published Mar 5, 2026• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The emergence of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic systems, particularly those relying on mathematical hardness assumptions for key exchange. While symmetric algorithms such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) remain efficient and widely deployed, their long-term security ultimately depends on the secrecy of keys. In this paper, we present a hybrid framework that integrates quantum key distribution (QKD) with AES and DES to enhance key security without altering cipher internals. Using the BB84 protocol as the quantum key generator, we implement a simulation-based system in Qiskit and evaluate it against classical pseudo-random key generation.Our methodology covers five phases: establishing AES/DES baselines, generating quantum random keys, implementing BB84 with basis reconciliation and error detection, integrating quantum keys with AES/DES, and benchmarking across varying key sizes and file sizes. Results demonstrate that AES encryption throughput remains stable (around 250–370 MB/s) regardless of key source, while QKD introduces measurable latency in key generation (around 40–110 seconds for 128–256 bits). Importantly, adversarial interference is reliably detected, with 97.3% accuracy in eavesdropper identification.The findings confirm that while classical systems excel in speed and scalability, QKD offers unmatched, physics-backed security assurances. Our study highlights the practicality of hybrid quantum-classical encryption, providing a foundation for secure communication in the post-quantum era.

DOI
10.1109/nqcomp68334.2026.11497686

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The emergence of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic systems, particularly those relying on mathematical hardness assumptions for key exchange. While symmetric algorithms such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) remain efficient and widely deployed, their long-term security ultimately depends on the secrecy of keys. In this paper, we present a hybrid framework that integrates quantum key distribution (QKD) with AES and DES to enhance key security without altering cipher internals. Using the BB84 protocol as the quantum key generator, we implement a simulation-based system in Qiskit and evaluate it against classical pseudo-random key generation.Our methodology covers five phases: establishing AES/DES baselines, generating quantum random keys, implementing BB84 with basis reconciliation and error detection, integrating quantum keys with AES/DES, and benchmarking across varying key sizes and file sizes. Results demonstrate that AES encryption throughput remains stable (around 250–370 MB/s) regardless of key source, while QKD introduces measurable latency in key generation (around 40–110 seconds for 128–256 bits). Importantly, adversarial interference is reliably detected, with 97.3% accuracy in eavesdropper identification.The findings confirm that while classical systems excel in speed and scalability, QKD offers unmatched, physics-backed security assurances. Our study highlights the practicality of hybrid quantum-classical encryption, providing a foundation for secure communication in the post-quantum era.
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The rapid progress of quantum computing threatens the long-term reliability of conventionalcryptographic algorithms, driving the urgent need for defenses that remain secure in a postquantum environment. This study introduces a unified hybrid encryption framework thatcombines the BB84-based Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) scheme with classical AES-256encryption, supported by continuous real-time security analytics. Although QKD has beenexamined extensively from a theoretical standpoint, its integration with traditional encryptionmethods for real-world communication is still uncommon. In this work, the complete BB84protocol is implemented using Google’s Cirq platform and augmented with adaptivemonitoring, quantum error diagnostics, and multi-layered security evaluation metrics.Simulation experiments verify the system’s strong performance, achieving an averageQuantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) of 4.5%, key reconciliation efficiency of 89.2%, and reliableencrypted data exchange. The platform further enables immediate detection of eavesdroppingattempts and detailed visualization of security states, thereby closing existing gaps in hybridquantum-classical encryption research and advancing the development of practical quantumsafe communication infrastructures.
This study provides an integrated quantum classical and traditional cryptographic framework that combines the Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution to RSA and AES for achieving highly enhanced secure communication. Upgrading the previous work, involving a BB84 with RSA and AES hybrid scheme. Similarly, this paper advances the security by incorporating DI-QKD in which it rejects assumptions about the internal functioning of the quantum devices and protects against the side channel attacks. In this proposed model, DI-QKD helps to create or generate provably secure shared keys, based on Bell-inequality violations whereas RSA ensures reliability in authentication and public key exchange. AES provides high-speed symmetric encryption for the mass data protection. This paper therefore establishes the complete DI-QKD with RSA and AES workflow simulating secure key generation; producing encrypted message outputs and the performance metrics such as key generation rate; quantum bit error rate; encryption time and overall system throughput is measured. These graphical results are compared with the earlier BB84 hybrid model to evaluate operational efficiency, resistance to adversarial interference and security robustness and too highlights the quantitative improvement offered by DI-QKD especially in antagonistic or untrusted device scenarios. Hence this paper demonstrates that the DI-QKD with RSA, AES hybrid system offering strengthened quantum safe security with classical compatibility, positioning it as a propitious architecture for the futuristic cryptographic networks.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a serious threat to traditional cryptographic systems such as RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), which rely on computational difficulty for security. Quantum algorithms like Shor’s and Grover’s have the potential to break or weaken these methods, putting modern communication systems at risk. To address this challenge, this work presents a quantum-safe com-munication framework that combines the BB84 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol with Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) techniques, aiming to ensure secure data exchange in the presence of quantum-capable adversaries. In this system, the BB84 protocol is simulated to enable secure key exchange between two parties over a virtual quantum channel. The generated key is refined through processes such as basis matching, error correction, and privacy amplification using SHA-256 to ensure reliability and secrecy. For secur-ing communication, One-Time Pad (OTP) encryption is used alongside HMAC-SHA3-256 to provide both confidentiality and message integrity. Additionally, file encryption is handled using the XChaCha20-Poly1305 algorithm, selected for its efficiency and strong protection against potential vulnerabilities like nonce reuse. To further enhance security, the framework integrates a hybrid key management approach using the Kyber-512 Key Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM) combined with a Key Deriva-tion Function (KDF), merging classical and quantum-resistant techniques. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the system, achieving a Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) of 2.5% and successful performance in both message and file en-cryption. Overall, this work contributes toward the development of practical and resilient communication systems designed for the emerging quantum era.
This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a hybrid encryption framework that combines quantum key distribution, specifically a simulated BB84 protocol, with AES-256 encryption. The system enables secure file encryption by leveraging quantum principles for key generation and classical cryptography for data protection. It introduces integrity validation mechanisms, including HMAC verification and optional post-quantum digital signatures, ensuring robustness even in the presence of quantum-capable adversaries. The entire architecture is implemented in Python, with modular components simulating quantum key exchange, encryption, and secure packaging. Experimental results include visual testing of various attack scenarios, such as key tampering, HMAC failure, and file corruption, demonstrating the effectiveness and resilience of the approach. The proposed solution serves as a practical foundation for quantum-aware cybersecurity systems.
Digital communication development creates an increasing threat to data security because emerging quantum computing technologies easily overcome traditional methods of encryption. A security system that integrates traditional encrypting with quantum computing methods shows promise for enhancing safety of networks mechanisms. The Hybrid Quantum Classical–Advanced Encryption System (HQC–AES) integrates the safe symmetrical functionality of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) procedures, specifically BB84 and E91, to ensure quantum resiliency. A secure key exchange together with real-time eavesdropper detection becomes possible through this combined approach, which maintains data confidentiality at a high level. A synthesis of post-quantum cryptography methods, such as Kyber and Falcon, safeguards traditional ways of communicating alongside quantum structures that lack comparability. The HQC–AES model provides solutions to three key cryptographic problems including secure key handling and distribution as well as encrypted transmission and long-term protection. Quantum mechanics enables protection enhancement for both conventional and quantum-based attacks by integrating it with advanced classical encryption methods. Theoretically, simulators and models show that the hybrid model maintains the technical agility of networks via several networked connections while simultaneously securing the reliability of data. The architecture delivers scalable security features to protect high-security cloud applications and financial systems and Internet of Things (IoT) resources by ensuring paramount secure communication capabilities. In safeguarding the transfer of data across several network circumstances, the suggested HQC–AES approach attained an overall accuracy of 98.7%. The fact that it is resistant to both conventional and quantum-based assaults and manages to keep data secure and intact is reflected in its excellent accuracy.