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IEEE International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (IC2PCT)

A Hybrid Secure Communication Architecture Using Quantum Key Distribution and Post Quantum Cryptography

Cheshta Khurana, Raghav Tayal, Divya Agarwal

Published May 15, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/ic2pct68894.2026.11584428

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The rapid advancement of quantum computing, exemplified by Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms, poses an existential threat to the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman algorithm, elliptic curve cryptography, and symmetric encryption. This paper presents a critical and integrative review of two defensive paradigms, quantum key distribution and post-quantum cryptography, covering studies published from 2020 to 2026 and mapped to four objectives spanning quantum threats, quantum key distribution viability, standardization, and hybrid synergies. Quantum key distribution protocols offer information-theoretically secure key distribution, though twin-field quantum key distribution’s 833.8 kilometer distance record comes at secure key rates as low as 0.014 bits per second. Post-quantum cryptography algorithms spanning lattice-based, code-based, hash-based, multivariate, and isogeny-based schemes offer unlimited range but rest on unproven mathematical assumptions, illustrated by the 2022 classical break of the Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman scheme and a 2024 quantum attack on the Rainbow signature scheme. Following the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s 2024 finalization of its primary standards, with the Hamming Quasi-Cyclic scheme subsequently added as a backup key encapsulation mechanism, this review identifies five hybrid architectural patterns combining quantum key distribution and post-quantum cryptography, evaluates their maturity from proposed to experimentally validated, and quantifies their cost: hybrid throughput collapses by two orders of magnitude once quantum key distillation is incorporated. Comparative benchmarking, an architecture diagram, and a thematic analysis identify quantum repeater networks, long-term cryptanalysis, and security-performance trade-off frameworks as critical research gaps, positioning hybrid integration as the most promising pathway toward secure communications.
Quantum computing threatens classical cryptography, which has prompted the creation of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and quantum key distribution (QKD). Hybrid cryptography integrates classical, post-quantum, and quantum techniques for achieving multi-layer security and smooth migration towards quantum-safe infrastructures. In this paper, practical deployment patterns, the employment of cryptographic agility, and integration of PQC with QKD are presented with emphasis on hybrid methods as a key strategy for quantum-secure communication.
The emergence of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic mechanisms such as RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography that are widely used to secure email communication. Traditional secure email systems rely on classical public-key infrastructure and therefore lack resilience against quantum attacks. This paper presents QuMail, a quantum-secure email client that integrates BB84-based Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) simulation, CRYSTALS-Kyber post-quantum cryptography (PQC), and blockchain-based audit logging within a unified architecture. The proposed system operates entirely at the application layer and remains compatible with existing email infrastructures using standard SMTP and IMAP protocols without requiring any server-side modification. A modular prototype was implemented using IBM Qiskit for quantum key generation and hybrid cryptographic techniques for secure message transmission. Experimental evaluation demonstrates an average latency of 120–180 ms for QKD key generation and 20–30 ms for Kyber-based encryption while maintaining minimal overhead for email transmission. The results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating quantum-resilient security mechanisms into existing email systems and highlight the potential of hybrid QKD–PQC architectures for next-generation secure communication platforms.