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International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Networks (CINE)

Quantum Rotational Entropy Model for Reliable Authentication Systems

T. S. Gururaja, Harsha Vardan Mitta, S Harikaran, Padmapriya Praveenkumar

Published Mar 12, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum True Random Number Generators (QTRNGs) utilizes the inherent probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics to produce non-deterministic randomness. This paper presents a rotational random number generator that utilizes a two-axis rotation approach combining$R X(\pi / 2)$and$R Y(\pi / 2)$gates for enhanced quantum state diversity. Unlike conventional single-axis architectures, the proposed model explores a larger region of the Bloch sphere enriches phase dynamics and increasing entropy per qubit. Each qubit undergoes sequential RX-RY transformations followed by Z-basis measurement produces unbiased and statistically random bit sequences. The proposed architecture demonstrates high isotropy, strong phase uniformity and robustness under noisy quantum backends. Simulation results using Qiskit confirm a measured collapse state of\vert 1010\vert with a global phase of$2 \pi$, validates genuine quantum randomness. Statistical evaluation using NIST, Dieharder and ENT benchmarks show >99% uniformity and high min-entropy, positioning dual-axis quantum system as a scalable, hardware-efficient quantum entropy source for cryptographic and post-quantum security applications.

DOI
10.1109/cine68769.2026.11502992

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This chapter introduces a quantum phase-parameterized approach to true random number generation, utilizing a natural superposition of quantum gates. The method employs a scalable quantum circuit architecture, using the RY(π/2) gate followed by the S gate across multiple qubits to generate maximally unpredictable quantum states. The proposed circuit was implemented on the IBM Quantum platform, where it generates bitstrings from quantum measurements that form the basis of the QTRNG output. To validate the randomness and cryptographic strength, extensive statistical testing was performed. These include restart experiments to verify non-reproducibility, autocorrelation analysis for temporal independence, and evaluations using NIST SP 800-22, SP 800-90B, Dieharder, and ENT test suites. These tests evaluate frequency, runs, entropy, chi-square distribution, and serial correlation to ensure high entropy and strong randomness quality. Results confirm that the proposed QTRNG consistently passes all tests, generating unbiased, high-quality random numbers. The approach is suitable for applications in post-quantum cryptography, secure key generation, and communication protocols, establishing a robust framework for safe and scalable quantum-based randomness.
True randomness is a basic necessity of secure cryptography. This secures the reliability of encryption keys, digital signatures and authentication mechanisms. Classical random number generators based on deterministic algorithms can introduce patterns and decrease reliability. This paper introduces a Quantum True Random Number Generator (QTRNG) takes advantage of the intrinsic unpredictability of quantum mechanics. The proposed quantum circuit usesRY(π/2)R Y(\pi / 2)RY(π/2)andRZ(π/2)R Z(\pi / 2)RZ(π/2)rotations to create superposition states like Hadamard operation. These gates control the phase and orientation of qubits on the Bloch sphere yields measurement outcomes are inherently random. The resulting distributions are unbiased and balanced offers a source of true randomness. The quality of the generated bitstrings is verified using statistical tests such as the NIST SP 800-22, SP 800-90 test suites and autocorrelation tests. The measurements show high entropy, uniform distribution and low bias satisfy the basic requirements for cryptographic security. Phase-based quantum operations provide an efficient for producing high-quality quantum randomness facilitates the construction of effective quantum-secure cryptographic systems.
Random numbers are used in various domains, including quantum communication and cryptography applications such as key generation and authentication. Quantum mechanics has the intrinsic ability to generate truly random numbers, making it an ideal alternative for scientific applications that require randomness. Quantum wireless communication is proposed as a new means of communication that is safe, secure, and efficient. The simplicity of our source rotation gate, combined with its independently verifiable solitary unpredictability, is essential to obtain quantum random number generators without spending any money. In this chapter, we explore and study the 24-qubit random number. The worst-case entropy value for such randomly produced integers is 0.999445, with the min-entropy of such numbers being 0.0008. Additionally, steering restart tests were used to validate later verification of true randomness, and the statistical characteristics of the True Random Number Generation (TRNG) were assessed using an autocorrelation study and the statistical test suites.
Generating high-quality random numbers is essential for cryptography, statistical simulations, and cybersecurity. While pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) are computationally efficient, their deterministic nature introduces potential security vulnerabilities. Recent research has explored chaotic systems as entropy sources due to their sensitivity to initial conditions-a key property for randomness generation. An emerging direction involves leveraging chaos in quantum systems. This paper proposes a quantum-inspired PRNG based on the Quantum Kicked Rotor (QKR), a well-known model in quantum chaos exhibiting complex dynamics such as dynamical localization. The method simulates the QKR and extracts pseudo-random sequences through momentum basis measurements. The generated sequences are evaluated for statistical quality, including the NIST 800-22 standard, which passed all 15 test. The sequences exhibit strong non-periodicity, a critical property for secure cryptographic applications. The proposed approach combines the unpredictability of quantum chaos with the scalability of classical simulation, offering a practical and efficient alternative for secure random number generation.
Random numbers are the foundation for cryptographic protocols including encryption and key generation This work presents the design and evaluation of a Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) leveraging quantum phase gates in IBM Qiskit, specifically S†(S-dagger), Rx(θ) and S gates. These gates exploit quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to generate high-quality random numbers. By optimizing resource utilization through qubit reuse by measurement operations, the generated binary outcomes form a random number sequence. The quality and unpredictability of the numbers are validated using statistical tests including NIST SP 800-90, SP 800-22 and other preliminary tests. The QRNG has significant potential for enhancing cryptographic protocols, secure data transmission and network authentication particularly in the context of emerging 6G communication systems.
Secure image transmission has become critical in the emerging quantum computing landscape. This research introduces a hybrid key quantum encryption approach that combines Quantum True Random Number Generation (QTRNG) and Quantum Pseudo Random Number Generation (QPRNG) to enhance security and efficiency. The proposed Quantum Hybrid Random Number Generator (QHRNG) integrates entanglement-based true randomness with structured pseudo-randomness using Hadamard, controlled rotation and Clifford gates to generate high-entropy encryption keys. The generated Quantum keys are applied to encrypt grayscale images using the Novel Enhanced Quantum Image Representation (NEQR). The encryption process is strengthened by quantum bit-level scrambling and selective Quantum Fourier Transform. The proposed method is implemented on Qiskit’s Aer and Basic simulators and validated on IBM’s torino quantum hardware. Compared to standalone QTRNG and QPRNG methods, QHRNG consistently provides higher randomness and stronger security in noisy and noiseless environments. This work offers a robust and future-ready framework for quantum secure image encryption.