Random numbers are the foundation for cryptographic protocols including encryption and key generation This work presents the design and evaluation of a Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) leveraging quantum phase gates in IBM Qiskit, specifically S†(S-dagger), Rx(θ) and S gates. These gates exploit quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to generate high-quality random numbers. By optimizing resource utilization through qubit reuse by measurement operations, the generated binary outcomes form a random number sequence. The quality and unpredictability of the numbers are validated using statistical tests including NIST SP 800-90, SP 800-22 and other preliminary tests. The QRNG has significant potential for enhancing cryptographic protocols, secure data transmission and network authentication particularly in the context of emerging 6G communication systems.
Random numbers are the foundation for cryptographic protocols including encryption and key generation This work presents the design and evaluation of a Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) leveraging quantum phase gates in IBM Qiskit, specifically S†(S-dagger), Rx(θ) and S gates. These gates exploit quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to generate high-quality random numbers. By optimizing resource utilization through qubit reuse by measurement operations, the generated binary outcomes form a random number sequence. The quality and unpredictability of the numbers are validated using statistical tests including NIST SP 800-90, SP 800-22 and other preliminary tests. The QRNG has significant potential for enhancing cryptographic protocols, secure data transmission and network authentication particularly in the context of emerging 6G communication systems.
This chapter introduces a quantum phase-parameterized approach to true random number generation, utilizing a natural superposition of quantum gates. The method employs a scalable quantum circuit architecture, using the RY(π/2) gate followed by the S gate across multiple qubits to generate maximally unpredictable quantum states. The proposed circuit was implemented on the IBM Quantum platform, where it generates bitstrings from quantum measurements that form the basis of the QTRNG output. To validate the randomness and cryptographic strength, extensive statistical testing was performed. These include restart experiments to verify non-reproducibility, autocorrelation analysis for temporal independence, and evaluations using NIST SP 800-22, SP 800-90B, Dieharder, and ENT test suites. These tests evaluate frequency, runs, entropy, chi-square distribution, and serial correlation to ensure high entropy and strong randomness quality. Results confirm that the proposed QTRNG consistently passes all tests, generating unbiased, high-quality random numbers. The approach is suitable for applications in post-quantum cryptography, secure key generation, and communication protocols, establishing a robust framework for safe and scalable quantum-based randomness.
True randomness is a basic necessity of secure cryptography. This secures the reliability of encryption keys, digital signatures and authentication mechanisms. Classical random number generators based on deterministic algorithms can introduce patterns and decrease reliability. This paper introduces a Quantum True Random Number Generator (QTRNG) takes advantage of the intrinsic unpredictability of quantum mechanics. The proposed quantum circuit usesRY(π/2)andRZ(π/2)rotations to create superposition states like Hadamard operation. These gates control the phase and orientation of qubits on the Bloch sphere yields measurement outcomes are inherently random. The resulting distributions are unbiased and balanced offers a source of true randomness. The quality of the generated bitstrings is verified using statistical tests such as the NIST SP 800-22, SP 800-90 test suites and autocorrelation tests. The measurements show high entropy, uniform distribution and low bias satisfy the basic requirements for cryptographic security. Phase-based quantum operations provide an efficient for producing high-quality quantum randomness facilitates the construction of effective quantum-secure cryptographic systems.
We propose to develop quantum true random number generation (QTRNG) in IBM's quantum laboratory by implementing the Random Quantum Fourier Transform (RQFT) technique utilizing quantum gates. This approach overcomes the imperfections caused by noise and decoherence in quantum circuits by utilizing the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) to replace the computational basis with a Fourier basis comprising a complex superposition of qubit states. For usage in symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic applications, the RQFT-based QTRNG produces unpredictable high quality random numbers. It satisfies all the preliminary tests, Autocorrelation test, and extensive National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) test suites, such as SP 800-90 and SP 800-22 are used to assess the generated sequences randomness in order to guarantee their robustness and reliability.
Defense, finance, navigation and global internet constellations are now dependent on satellite communication. Nevertheless, the majority of systems continue to use classical pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) to encrypt and authenticate, and these are susceptible to prediction, replay and side-channel attacks. This paper presents a design of a model to incorporate Quantum True Random Number Generators (QTRNGs) to tap into natural randomness of quantum phenomena into satellite communication systems. The design is a gate based QRNG design based on Hadamard, SX and Pauli-Z gates, which are implemented and tested with NIST 800-22 and NIST 800-90B tests. The protocol architecture uses QRNGs to generate secure keys in ground-to-satellite and inter-satellite links. It shows a better result in entropy, unpredictability and attack resistance. The suggested architecture illustrates the ability of satellites enabled by QRNG to ensure the real-time and futureproof security of the worldwide communication networks.
Random numbers are used in various domains, including quantum communication and cryptography applications such as key generation and authentication. Quantum mechanics has the intrinsic ability to generate truly random numbers, making it an ideal alternative for scientific applications that require randomness. Quantum wireless communication is proposed as a new means of communication that is safe, secure, and efficient. The simplicity of our source rotation gate, combined with its independently verifiable solitary unpredictability, is essential to obtain quantum random number generators without spending any money. In this chapter, we explore and study the 24-qubit random number. The worst-case entropy value for such randomly produced integers is 0.999445, with the min-entropy of such numbers being 0.0008. Additionally, steering restart tests were used to validate later verification of true randomness, and the statistical characteristics of the True Random Number Generation (TRNG) were assessed using an autocorrelation study and the statistical test suites.
The reliability and security of telecommunication systems depend on the quality of random number generators (RNGs). Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs) enhance randomness over classical methods, improving cryptographic strength. This paper evaluates three QRNG implementations using IBM quantum computers, analyzing their methodologies, performance, and limitations. We introduce a new QRNG algorithm on the IBM Quantum Experience (IBMQ) platform, using real quantum computers instead of simulators, and incorporating post-processing with XOR bit masking. Our algorithm achieves entropy 0.86458 and passes more NIST 800-90B and NIST 800–22 randomness tests, demonstrating its effectiveness and reliability. This research supports secure telecommunication technologies by providing a reliable source of true randomness.