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Acta Physica Sinica

High-sensitivity sensing technology of 10 MHz radio frequency electric field based on Rydberg atoms

Han Yu-Long, Shan Zheng-Ye, Zhang Kan, Sun Jin-Fang, Zhang Li-hua, Liu Bang, Dongsheng DING

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

基于全红外光激发方案,采用852 nm探测光(|6S1/2〉 → |6P3/2〉)、1470 nm缀饰光(|6P3/2〉→ |7S1/2〉)和780 nm耦合光(|7S1/2〉 → |49P3/2〉),制备了铯原子Rydberg态.电磁感应透明(EIT)光谱用于实现Rydberg原子的光学探测,实时记录了10MHz射频电场缀饰下EIT光谱随电场强度的变化.采用非共振超外差探测技术,将频率失谐的待测微弱信号与本振信号同时耦合至Rydberg原子体系,利用原子介质对拍频信号的放大响应,实现了高灵敏度电场探测.结果表明,该系统动态范围达65 dB,灵敏度达到31.0 μV/cm/Hz1/2.实验结果为发展基于Rydberg原子的兆赫兹电场精密测量技术提供了有意义的参考.

DOI
10.7498/aps.75.20260151

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基于全红外光激发方案,采用852 nm探测光(|6S1/2〉 → |6P3/2〉)、1470 nm缀饰光(|6P3/2〉→ |7S1/2〉)和780 nm耦合光(|7S1/2〉 → |49P3/2〉),制备了铯原子Rydberg态.电磁感应透明(EIT)光谱用于实现Rydberg原子的光学探测,实时记录了10MHz射频电场缀饰下EIT光谱随电场强度的变化.采用非共振超外差探测技术,将频率失谐的待测微弱信号与本振信号同时耦合至Rydberg原子体系,利用原子介质对拍频信号的放大响应,实现了高灵敏度电场探测.结果表明,该系统动态范围达65 dB,灵敏度达到31.0 μV/cm/Hz1/2.实验结果为发展基于Rydberg原子的兆赫兹电场精密测量技术提供了有意义的参考.
We present a precise measurement of a weak radio frequency electric field with a frequency of ≲ 3 GHz employing a resonant atomic probe that is constituted with a Rydberg cascade three-level atom, including a cesium ground state |6S1/2⟩, an excited state |6P3/2⟩, and Rydberg state |nD5/2⟩. Two radio frequency (RF) electric fields, noted as local and signal fields, couple the nearby Rydberg transition. The two-photon resonant Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (Rydberg-EIT) is employed to directly read out the weak signal field having hundreds of kHz difference between the local and signal fields that is encoded in the resonant microwave-dressed Rydberg atoms. The minimum detectable signal fields of E Smin = 1.36 ± 0.04 mV/m for 2.18 GHz coupling |68D5/2⟩ → |69P3/2⟩ transition and 1.33 ± 0.02 mV/m for 1.32 GHz coupling |80D5/2⟩ → |81P3/2⟩ transition are obtained, respectively. The bandwidth dependence is also investigated by varying the signal field frequency and corresponding −3 dB bandwidth of 3 MHz is attained. This method can be employed to perform a rapid and precise measurement of the weak electric field, which is important for the atom-based microwave metrology.
Rydberg atoms are highly excited atoms with large principal quantum number n, big sizes (~n2) and long lifetimes (~n3). Rydberg atoms are very sensitive to an external field due to the large polarizabilities of Rydberg atoms (~n7). Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of Rydberg atom provides an ideal method to detect Rydberg atoms without destroying atoms, and can be used to measure the external direct current and radio frequency (RF) field. In this paper, we study the EIT effect of a cesium ladder-type three-level atom involving Rydberg state exposed to a weak RF field. The ground state (6S1/2), the excited state (6P3/2) and Rydberg state (48D5/2) constitute the Rydberg three-level system, in which the probe laser couples 6S1/2(F=4)6P3/2(F'=5) transition, whereas the coupling laser scans across the 6P3/248D5/2 Rydberg transition. The coupling laser (510 nm laser, propagating in the z-axis direction and linear polarization in the y-axis direction) and the probe laser (852 nm laser, linear polarization in the y-axis direction) counter-propagate through a 50-mm-long cesium vapor cell at room temperature, yielding Rydberg EIT spectra. Rydberg EIT signal is detected as a function of the detuning of the coupling laser. When a weak RF (80 MHz) electric field polarized in the x-axis direction is applied to a pair of electrode plates located on both sides of the cesium cell, the EIT spectrum of Rydberg 48D5/2 shows the Stark splitting and the even order harmonic sidebands. The experimental results are analyzed by using the Floquet theory. The simulation results accord well with the experimentally measured results. Furthermore, we also investigate the influence of the self-ionization effect of Rydberg atom on the Stark spectrum by changing the RF frequency. We put forward a proposal to avoid the effect of ionization by placing electrode plates in the cesium cell. In the weak RF-field domain, mj=5/2 Stark line crosses mj=1/2, 3/2 sidebands, these cross points provide an antenna-free method of accurately calibrating the RF electric field based on Rydberg atoms.
Rydberg atoms, with large principal quantum number, exhibit certain properties, such as long lifetimes and strong interactions with fields and other atoms, which have been extensively investigated recently. One of the properties is the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of Rydberg ladder system, which can be used to measure the radio frequency (RF) field with high sensitivity. In this paper, we investigate the quantum coherent effect of cesium Rydberg atom in a three-level ladder system involving the ground state (6S1/2), the excited state (6P3/2) and 49S1/2 Rydberg state in room temperature vapor cell. The probe laser (852 nm) drives the transition of 6S1/2(F=4)→6P3/2(F'=5), while the coupling laser (510 nm) couples the Rydberg transition of 6P3/2 (F'=5)→nS1/2. A typical electromagnetically induced transparency spectrum is obtained when the weak probe laser is scanned through the transition of 6S1/2(F=4)→6P3/2(F'=5) and the coupling laser tuning to Rydberg transition. The two-photon RF spectra are observed when the RF field with a frequency of ～16.9 GHz couples the Rydberg transition of 49S1/2→47D3/2, where the EIT signal is split into two EIT peaks due to the interaction between the RF field and Rydberg atoms. The dependences of EIT splitting on the power of RF field are investigated. The results show that the EIT splitting increases with the power of RF field, which can inversely be used to measure the RF field with a higher spatial resolution in the future.
基于里德堡原子的微波电场传感器在过去的10年间迅速发展。里德堡原子电场传感器具有超高灵敏度和自校准能力，已被证明是微波通信的优秀量子接收系统。里德堡原子接收机具有以下几个优势：非金属的原子探头不会干扰待测场，可以实现非破坏通信；里德堡原子传感器将高频微波转化为光谱探测，微波调制直接映射到原子光谱，因此里德堡原子接收机无需解调电路，全光学的探测装置使得原子接收机免受电磁干扰；工作频率的可调节范围大，通过选择不同的里德堡能级，载波频率可从MHz覆盖到THz；原子接收机带宽不受天线尺寸限制，因此可突破Chu极限(Chu limit)；在工作带宽内测量灵敏度高，有望提升弱场通信能力。近年来，里德堡原子通信接收机引起研究者的强烈关注。里德堡原子通信接收机有望集成并融合到现有的无线通信系统，提高无线通信的通信距离。本文综述基于里德堡原子的通信接收机进展，详细介绍里德堡原子通信接收机的原理、优势、潜能与实验进展，并讨论了其未来发展方向与趋势。