The advancement of quantum computing poses a significant challenge to future data protection, particularly in IoT environments due to their constrained computing capabilities. Consequently, this research investigated the application of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), which integrates Kyber and Dilithium cryptographic algorithms into a signcryption mechanism to protect data confidentiality and integrity on Raspberry Pi 4, a device employed as an IoT node gateway in smart home applications. The KyberDilithium cryptographic system employed in this study was compared with the classic cryptography RSA 2048 and secp256r1. The research conducted indicates that Kyber512-Dilithium2 Signcryption can be implemented on Raspberry Pi 4 as an IoT node gateway. Kyber512Dilithium2 exhibits superior CPU utilization compared to RSA 2048 and secp256r1 across all processes which used 98.483% for key generation, 93.722% for signcrypt, and 93.591% for unsigncrypt. This indicates that the Kyber512-Dilithium2 could be used in IoT node gateways to ensure robust data security in smart home environments against future quantum attacks by combining PQC of Kyber and Dilithium into signcryption.
The advancement of quantum computing poses a significant challenge to future data protection, particularly in IoT environments due to their constrained computing capabilities. Consequently, this research investigated the application of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), which integrates Kyber and Dilithium cryptographic algorithms into a signcryption mechanism to protect data confidentiality and integrity on Raspberry Pi 4, a device employed as an IoT node gateway in smart home applications. The KyberDilithium cryptographic system employed in this study was compared with the classic cryptography RSA 2048 and secp256r1. The research conducted indicates that Kyber512-Dilithium2 Signcryption can be implemented on Raspberry Pi 4 as an IoT node gateway. Kyber512Dilithium2 exhibits superior CPU utilization compared to RSA 2048 and secp256r1 across all processes which used 98.483% for key generation, 93.722% for signcrypt, and 93.591% for unsigncrypt. This indicates that the Kyber512-Dilithium2 could be used in IoT node gateways to ensure robust data security in smart home environments against future quantum attacks by combining PQC of Kyber and Dilithium into signcryption.
Secure communication is becoming increasingly challenging as computational power grows, cyberattacks evolve, and traditional cryptographic methods show their limitations. Widely used public-key algorithms like RSA and ECC, which have protected digital communication for decades, are now vulnerable in the face of advancing quantum computing. Quantum algorithms such as Shor's algorithm can break these classical systems, posing a serious threat to data that needs long-term protection. This growing risk has led to the development of post-quantum cryptography, a new generation of algorithms designed to remain secure against both classical and quantum attacks. Among the different approaches, lattice-based cryptography stands out due to its strong security foundations and efficient performance. In this work, we implement a post-quantum cryptographic method using the CRYSTALS-Kyber algorithm on Raspberry Pi devices. By using two Raspberry Pi modules to securely exchange keys and perform text encryption and decryption, the project demonstrates that quantum-resistant communication can be achieved even on low-cost embedded hardware.
With the transition of the world to quantum computing, existing cryptographic algorithms are more exposed, and strong post-quantum solutions are required. Lattice-based cryptography, specifically the Kyber512 algorithm, offers quantum-resistant security that can be utilized in low-resource environments, such as Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Existing key exchange techniques for IoT, including RSA and ECC, are susceptible to quantum attacks and tend to be computationally heavy for low-power devices. Such drawbacks render them inefficient in actual-world smart home solutions, where longevity and security efficiency are required. This research presents a new framework, Smart Home Device Communication Security using L-PKEX – a lightweight post-quantum key exchange algorithm based on Kyber512 - that bridges these gaps. L-PKEX is designed to facilitate the economic and secure exchange of keys among smart home gadgets (e.g., smart locks, sensors, controllers) by utilizing Kyber512. The new proposed L-PKEX approach is used to establish secure communication networks among smart home devices, hubs, or user interfaces. Experimental validation and simulations demonstrate that L-PKEX offers minimal computational overhead and reduced energy consumption while maintaining uncompromised security, compared to conventional approaches. Results prove that L-PKEX is an affordable and scalable solution towards providing quantum-resistant, secure smart home IoT communication.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a critical threat to classical cryptographic algorithms such as RSA and ECC, particularly in Internet of Things (IoT) devices, where secure communication is essential but often constrained by limited computational resources. This paper investigates the feasibility of deploying post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms on resource-constrained devices. In particular, we implement three PQC algorithms - BIKE, CRYSTALS-Kyber, and HQC - on a lightweight IoT platform built with Raspberry Pi devices. Leveraging the Open Quantum Safe (liboqs) library in conjunction with mbedTLS, we develop quantumsecure key exchange protocols, and evaluate their performance in terms of computational overhead, memory usage, and energy consumption for quantum secure communication. Experimental results demonstrate that the integration of PQC algorithms on constrained hardware is practical, reinforcing the urgent need for quantum-resilient cryptographic frameworks in next-generation IoT devices. The implementation of this paper is available at https://iqsec-lab.github.io/PQC-IoT/.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a critical threat to classical cryptographic algorithms such as RSA and ECC, particularly in Internet of Things (IoT) devices, where secure communication is essential but often constrained by limited computational resources. This paper investigates the feasibility of deploying post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms on resource-constrained devices. In particular, we implement three PQC algorithms - BIKE, CRYSTALS-Kyber, and HQC - on a lightweight IoT platform built with Raspberry Pi devices. Leveraging the Open Quantum Safe (liboqs) library in conjunction with mbedTLS, we develop quantumsecure key exchange protocols, and evaluate their performance in terms of computational overhead, memory usage, and energy consumption for quantum secure communication. Experimental results demonstrate that the integration of PQC algorithms on constrained hardware is practical, reinforcing the urgent need for quantum-resilient cryptographic frameworks in next-generation IoT devices. The implementation of this paper is available at https://iqsec-lab.github.io/PQC-IoT/.
Abstract. As the threat of quantum computing to classical cryptography grows, the transition to post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) systems becomes essential—particularly for smart city infrastructures that rely heavily on secure, real-time sensor data. This paper investigates the performance of PQC algorithms currently in the final stages of standardization by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), focusing on their deployment in resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Leveraging real-world smart city sensor datasets, we develop a research prototype that simulates a realistic urban sensing scenario, using Raspberry Pi 3 and Pi Zero 2 W devices to cryptographically secure and transmit data to a central server. Experimental results demonstrate that the Kyber family is the most efficient for key encapsulation tasks, while Dilithium and Falcon offer strong performance for digital signatures. In contrast, PQC algorithms such as McEliece, HQC, and Rainbow exhibit substantial computational overhead—especially at higher security levels—limiting their suitability for time-sensitive or low-power environments. Our findings highlight the practical implications of PQC adoption in smart cities and provide evidence-based guidance for selecting efficient quantum-safe algorithms for real-world urban sensor networks.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a critical threat to classical cryptographic algorithms such as RSA and ECC, particularly in Internet of Things (IoT) devices, where secure communication is essential but often constrained by limited computational resources. This paper investigates the feasibility of deploying post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms on resource-constrained devices. In particular, we implement three PQC algorithms -- BIKE, CRYSTALS-Kyber, and HQC -- on a lightweight IoT platform built with Raspberry Pi devices. Leveraging the Open Quantum Safe (\texttt{liboqs}) library in conjunction with \texttt{mbedTLS}, we develop quantum-secure key exchange protocols, and evaluate their performance in terms of computational overhead, memory usage, and energy consumption for quantum secure communication. Experimental results demonstrate that the integration of PQC algorithms on constrained hardware is practical, reinforcing the urgent need for quantum-resilient cryptographic frameworks in next-generation IoT devices. The implementation of this paper is available at https://iqsec-lab.github.io/PQC-IoT/.