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International Conference on Next Generation Computing Systems (ICNGCS)

Post-Quantum Key Exchange for IoT Devices Using Kyber512 Lattice-Based Encryption Algorithm

Isroilov Sardorbek Solijon Ugli, Abdullah Abed Hussein, Nada Qasim Mohammed, Aqeel Qays, Huda Hayder Abbas

Published Aug 21, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

With the transition of the world to quantum computing, existing cryptographic algorithms are more exposed, and strong post-quantum solutions are required. Lattice-based cryptography, specifically the Kyber512 algorithm, offers quantum-resistant security that can be utilized in low-resource environments, such as Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Existing key exchange techniques for IoT, including RSA and ECC, are susceptible to quantum attacks and tend to be computationally heavy for low-power devices. Such drawbacks render them inefficient in actual-world smart home solutions, where longevity and security efficiency are required. This research presents a new framework, Smart Home Device Communication Security using L-PKEX – a lightweight post-quantum key exchange algorithm based on Kyber512 - that bridges these gaps. L-PKEX is designed to facilitate the economic and secure exchange of keys among smart home gadgets (e.g., smart locks, sensors, controllers) by utilizing Kyber512. The new proposed L-PKEX approach is used to establish secure communication networks among smart home devices, hubs, or user interfaces. Experimental validation and simulations demonstrate that L-PKEX offers minimal computational overhead and reduced energy consumption while maintaining uncompromised security, compared to conventional approaches. Results prove that L-PKEX is an affordable and scalable solution towards providing quantum-resistant, secure smart home IoT communication.

DOI
10.1109/icngcs64900.2025.11183320

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With the transition of the world to quantum computing, existing cryptographic algorithms are more exposed, and strong post-quantum solutions are required. Lattice-based cryptography, specifically the Kyber512 algorithm, offers quantum-resistant security that can be utilized in low-resource environments, such as Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Existing key exchange techniques for IoT, including RSA and ECC, are susceptible to quantum attacks and tend to be computationally heavy for low-power devices. Such drawbacks render them inefficient in actual-world smart home solutions, where longevity and security efficiency are required. This research presents a new framework, Smart Home Device Communication Security using L-PKEX – a lightweight post-quantum key exchange algorithm based on Kyber512 - that bridges these gaps. L-PKEX is designed to facilitate the economic and secure exchange of keys among smart home gadgets (e.g., smart locks, sensors, controllers) by utilizing Kyber512. The new proposed L-PKEX approach is used to establish secure communication networks among smart home devices, hubs, or user interfaces. Experimental validation and simulations demonstrate that L-PKEX offers minimal computational overhead and reduced energy consumption while maintaining uncompromised security, compared to conventional approaches. Results prove that L-PKEX is an affordable and scalable solution towards providing quantum-resistant, secure smart home IoT communication.
The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has connected billions of smart devices across healthcare, transportation, industrial automation, and smart home environments. While IoT has enhanced automation and data-driven decision-making, its widespread deployment has also increased the risk of cyberattacks. Conventional public-key cryptographic algorithms such as RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) are vulnerable to future quantum computing attacks, particularly those based on Shor's algorithm. This paper proposes a Quantum-Resistant Cryptographic Framework (QRCF) for secure IoT communication using lattice-based cryptography integrated with lightweight authentication and efficient key management. The framework is designed to meet the computational limitations of IoT devices while ensuring long-term confidentiality and integrity. Performance evaluation demonstrates improvements in security resilience, authentication efficiency, and communication reliability compared with traditional cryptographic approaches. The proposed framework offers a scalable and future-ready solution for protecting IoT ecosystems in the post-quantum era.
Quantum computing is also posing a serious challenge to the classical cryptographic algorithms like RSA and ECC as they have vulnerability to quantum algorithms such as Shor and Grover. This is a serious problem to Internet of Things (IoT) and edge computing systems, where billions of devices work with strict resource constraints in processing power, memory and energy. To resolve this, we are introducing a minimal postquantum cryptography model to be used in edge platforms with constraints on their resources. This framework combines fierce encapsulation of key (Kyber512) on a lattice with traditional ECDH in a hybrid system of key establishment, along with the Ascon AEAD encryption algorithm to provide effective data hiding and integrity provision. Furthermore, rekeying and forward secrecy on a lightweight basis is possible to reconfigure a layer with negligible overhead on a secure transmission with forward secrecy. The experimental data with ARM Cortex-M and RISC-V architectures and 128-bit post-quantum security has shown that the proposed system can reduce the latency by up to 30 percent and the energy usage by up to 35 percent and considerably better throughput than PQC-only implementations. These findings validate the fact that hybrid PQC solutions have the potential to provide high-resistance quantum with minimal overhead and thus are best suited to IoT and edge applications. The paper offers a viable and extensible security design in conformance with the NIST PQC and IETF migration policies, which can support secure communication in the post-quantum era.
The emergence of quantum computing threatens classical cryptographic systems, including RSA and ECC, potentially compromising the security of pervasive Internet of Things (IoT) deployments. Resourceconstrained IoT devices—such as sensors, embedded controllers, and microcontrollers—face significant challenges in adopting post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) protocols due to computational, memory, and energy limitations. This paper proposes AQ-PQC, an adaptive lightweight hybrid key exchange protocol combining Kyber lattice-based KEM and lightweight elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), specifically designed for constrained devices. AQ-PQC introduces a dynamic parameter tuning algorithm that adjusts key sizes, handshake rounds, and compression ratios based on real-time device state and network conditions. Formal security analysis under the IND-CCA model demonstrates quantum-resistance and forward secrecy. Extensive hardware implementation on Raspberry Pi 4 and ESP32 devices reveals a significant reduction in handshake latency, energy consumption, and memory footprint compared to conventional PQC protocols. The proposed framework provides a practical, reproducible, and secure methodology for post-quantum IoT communications, supporting heterogeneous and resource-limited networks.
The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems has introduced significant security challenges due to resource-constrained devices, heterogeneous network architectures, and largescale connectivity. Traditional authentication and key exchange mechanisms, primarily based on classical cryptographic algorithms such as RSA and ECC, are vulnerable to future quantum computing attacks. The emergence of quantum algorithms, particularly Shor’s algorithm, threatens the long-term confidentiality and integrity of IoT communications. This paper proposes a Quantum-Resistant Authentication and Key Exchange Protocol specifically designed for secure IoT architectures. The proposed framework integrates post-quantum cryptographic primitives, including lattice-based key exchange mechanisms and hash-based authentication schemes, optimized for low computational overhead suitable for constrained IoT devices. The protocol ensures mutual authentication, forward secrecy, and resistance against quantum adversaries while maintaining minimal communication latency. Security analysis demonstrates robustness against replay, man-in-the-middle, and key-compromise attacks. Performance evaluation shows that the proposed solution achieves a balance between quantum security strength and resource efficiency, making it suitable for next-generation IoT deployments in smart cities, healthcare systems, and industrial automation.
The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) has connected billions of devices, creating a global network that manages everything from smart homes to critical industrial infrastructure. However, this connectivity faces an existential threat: the rise of Quantum Computing. Standard encryption methods like RSA and ECC, which currently protect these devices, will be easily broken by future quantum computers using Shor's Algorithm. While the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has standardized new "Post-Quantum" algorithms (like Kyber and Dilithium), simply plugging them into small IoT devices is not easy. These new algorithms are often heavy, and IoT devices have very limited battery and processing power. This paper bridges this gap by proposing "PQ-IoT", a complete, end-to-end security framework designed specifically for the real-world constraints of IoT. Unlike previous studies that look at algorithms in isolation, we designed a unified system with three layers: (1) A robust Hybrid Cryptosystem (X25519 + Kyber-768) for secure servers, (2) A lightweight encryption module (Kyber-512) for battery-powered sensors, and (3) A fast authentication mechanism (ML-DSA-44) for gateways. We built a virtual laboratory using ARM64 emulation to test this framework. Our results show that the entire system is incredibly efficient, with encryption taking only 0.20 ms and verification taking 0.50 ms. This proves that we can secure the future of IoT without sacrificing performance.
The advancement of quantum computing poses a significant challenge to future data protection, particularly in IoT environments due to their constrained computing capabilities. Consequently, this research investigated the application of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), which integrates Kyber and Dilithium cryptographic algorithms into a signcryption mechanism to protect data confidentiality and integrity on Raspberry Pi 4, a device employed as an IoT node gateway in smart home applications. The KyberDilithium cryptographic system employed in this study was compared with the classic cryptography RSA 2048 and secp256r1. The research conducted indicates that Kyber512-Dilithium2 Signcryption can be implemented on Raspberry Pi 4 as an IoT node gateway. Kyber512Dilithium2 exhibits superior CPU utilization compared to RSA 2048 and secp256r1 across all processes which used 98.483% for key generation, 93.722% for signcrypt, and 93.591% for unsigncrypt. This indicates that the Kyber512-Dilithium2 could be used in IoT node gateways to ensure robust data security in smart home environments against future quantum attacks by combining PQC of Kyber and Dilithium into signcryption.