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Laser & Photonics Review

512‐Fold Rotational Super‐Resolution via Four‐Photon High‐Dimensional Structured Light

Guy Tshuva, Ofir Yesharim, H. S. Eisenberg, Ady Arie

Published Dec 24, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

ABSTRACT Structured light enhances quantum information processing by combining quantum states of light and shaped wavefronts. However, until now, the advantages of high photon‐number states and of structured light have only been demonstrated separately. Here, we report a rotation sensor that combines ‐dimensional spatial modulation with four‐photon quantum states, yielding significantly improved angular resolution that scales as their product, . Our work shows that it is possible to use both multi‐photon states of light together with high spatial mode numbers, opening avenues in quantum sensing, communications, and quantum computing.

DOI
10.1002/lpor.202502079

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ABSTRACT Structured light enhances quantum information processing by combining quantum states of light and shaped wavefronts. However, until now, the advantages of high photon‐number states and of structured light have only been demonstrated separately. Here, we report a rotation sensor that combines ‐dimensional spatial modulation with four‐photon quantum states, yielding significantly improved angular resolution that scales as their product, . Our work shows that it is possible to use both multi‐photon states of light together with high spatial mode numbers, opening avenues in quantum sensing, communications, and quantum computing.
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Multi-photon entangled states of light such as N00N (N is the photon number) and squeezed states are routinely used in quantum metrological experiments. Spatially structuring these quantum optical states improves the sensitivity and enhances resolution by using the high dimensional spatial degree of freedom. However, progress in quantum structured light mainly focused on either increasing the number of photons, or increasing the mode numbers, separately [1]. The reason is that generating high (mode number>> 10) dimensional structured light states is usually a lossy process that degrades multi-photon states of light.
Quantum metrology leverages quantum correlations for enhanced parameter estimation. Recently, structured light enabled increased resolution and sensitivity in quantum metrology systems. However, lossy and complex setups impacting photon flux hinder true quantum advantage while using high dimensional structured light. We introduce a straightforward mechanical rotation quantum sensing mechanism, employing high-dimensional structured light and use it with a high-flux (45 000 coincidence counts per second) N00N state source with N = 2. The system utilizes two opposite spiral phase plates with topological charge of up to ℓ = 16 that converts mechanical rotation into wavefront phase shifts and exhibit a 16-fold enhanced super-resolution and 25-fold enhanced sensitivity between different topological charges, while retaining the acquisition times, and with negligible change in coincidence count. Furthermore, the high efficiency together with the high photon flux enables detection of mechanical angular acceleration in real-time. Our approach paves the way for highly sensitive quantum measurements, applicable to various interferometric schemes.
Quantum metrology leverages quantum correlations for enhanced parameter estimation. Recently, structured light enabled increased resolution and sensitivity in quantum metrology systems. However, lossy and complex setups impacting photon flux, hinder true quantum advantage while using high dimensional structured light. We introduce a straightforward mechanical rotation quantum sensing mechanism, employing high-dimensional structured light and a compact high-flux (45,000 coincidence counts per second) N00N state source with N=2. The system utilizes two opposite spiral phase plates with topological charge of up to l=16 that convert mechanical rotation into wavefront phase shifts, and exhibit a 16-fold enhanced super-resolution and 25-fold enhanced sensitivity between different topological charges, while retaining the acquisition times and with negligible change in coincidence count. Furthermore, the high photon flux enables to detect mechanical angular acceleration in real-time. Our approach paves the way for highly sensitive quantum measurements, applicable to various interferometric schemes.
Structured light has become topical of late, where controlling light in all its degrees of freedom has offered novel states of light long predicted, enhanced functionality in applications, and a modern toolbox for probing fundamental science. Structuring light as single photons and entangled states allows the spatial modes of light to be used to encode a large alphabet, accessing high dimensional Hilbert spaces for fundamental tests of quantum mechanics and improved quantum information processing tasks. In this tutorial, we outline the basic concepts of high dimensional quantum states expressed in a basis of spatial modes (structured light) and explain how to create, control, and detect such quantum states in the laboratory with a focus on transverse spatial modes such as the orbital angular momentum and pixel (position) modes. Finally, we highlight some example applications of such quantum structured light, from communications to imaging.