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JSAP-OSA Joint Symposia

512-Fold Super-Resolved Rotation Sensing via Four-Photon High-Dimensional Structured Light

Guy Tshuva, Ofir Yesharim, H. S. Eisenberg, Ady Arie

Published Jan 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum-enhanced sensors that exploit N -photon entanglement surpass the shot-noise limit by N and achieve N -fold resolution gains [1, 2]. Structured light can further boost sensitivity [3]. However, shaping entanglement beyond two photons remains difficult because of inefficient optical setups and the low generation probability of multi-photon states. Consequently, demonstrations with high-order structured light have so far been restricted to N ≤ 2 [1], and larger- N interferometers lacked large spatial structure, limiting improvement to N -fold resolution. Our work unifies these capabilities.

DOI
10.1364/jsapo.2025.7a_n204_5

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Quantum-enhanced sensors that exploit N -photon entanglement surpass the shot-noise limit by N and achieve N -fold resolution gains [1, 2]. Structured light can further boost sensitivity [3]. However, shaping entanglement beyond two photons remains difficult because of inefficient optical setups and the low generation probability of multi-photon states. Consequently, demonstrations with high-order structured light have so far been restricted to N ≤ 2 [1], and larger- N interferometers lacked large spatial structure, limiting improvement to N -fold resolution. Our work unifies these capabilities.
Multi-photon entangled states of light such as N00N (N is the photon number) and squeezed states are routinely used in quantum metrological experiments. Spatially structuring these quantum optical states improves the sensitivity and enhances resolution by using the high dimensional spatial degree of freedom. However, progress in quantum structured light mainly focused on either increasing the number of photons, or increasing the mode numbers, separately [1]. The reason is that generating high (mode number>> 10) dimensional structured light states is usually a lossy process that degrades multi-photon states of light.
Quantum metrology leverages quantum correlations for enhanced parameter estimation. Recently, structured light enabled increased resolution and sensitivity in quantum metrology systems. However, lossy and complex setups impacting photon flux hinder true quantum advantage while using high dimensional structured light. We introduce a straightforward mechanical rotation quantum sensing mechanism, employing high-dimensional structured light and use it with a high-flux (45 000 coincidence counts per second) N00N state source with N = 2. The system utilizes two opposite spiral phase plates with topological charge of up to ℓ = 16 that converts mechanical rotation into wavefront phase shifts and exhibit a 16-fold enhanced super-resolution and 25-fold enhanced sensitivity between different topological charges, while retaining the acquisition times, and with negligible change in coincidence count. Furthermore, the high efficiency together with the high photon flux enables detection of mechanical angular acceleration in real-time. Our approach paves the way for highly sensitive quantum measurements, applicable to various interferometric schemes.
Quantum metrology leverages quantum correlations for enhanced parameter estimation. Recently, structured light enabled increased resolution and sensitivity in quantum metrology systems. However, lossy and complex setups impacting photon flux, hinder true quantum advantage while using high dimensional structured light. We introduce a straightforward mechanical rotation quantum sensing mechanism, employing high-dimensional structured light and a compact high-flux (45,000 coincidence counts per second) N00N state source with N=2. The system utilizes two opposite spiral phase plates with topological charge of up to l=16 that convert mechanical rotation into wavefront phase shifts, and exhibit a 16-fold enhanced super-resolution and 25-fold enhanced sensitivity between different topological charges, while retaining the acquisition times and with negligible change in coincidence count. Furthermore, the high photon flux enables to detect mechanical angular acceleration in real-time. Our approach paves the way for highly sensitive quantum measurements, applicable to various interferometric schemes.
Wide-field quantum sensing and imaging with solid-state spins has attracted wide interest for its ability to detect relative physical quantities with high sensitivity at nanoscale. However, the optical diffraction limit hinders the improvement in spatial resolution. In this work, we utilize blind structured illumination microscopy to perform wide-field quantum sensing with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Without the requirement of prior knowledge of excitation light field, the spatial resolution of NV centers imaging is enhanced by 1.8-fold in comparison with conventional microscopy. Combined with spin manipulation and detection, super-resolution NV center sensing is subsequently performed to reveal the optical and electrical properties of nanodevice. The high spatial resolution and feasibility of this work will promote the applications of quantum sensing in nanoscience.
Entangled photons enable quantum imaging to surpass classical limits in resolution and noise. To address long-standing challenges in quantum imaging (such as low signal-to-noise, limited resolvable pixels, and difficulty imaging biological samples), we present imaging by coincidence from entanglement (ICE). ICE leverages spatial and polarization entanglement to enhance resolution, support biological imaging, and quantify birefringence properties. Polarization entanglement enables remote, quantitative measurement of both phase retardation and principal axis orientation without changing input polarization. ICE achieves up to 25-fold stray light suppression relative to classical imaging. We further introduce wide-field quantum microscopy by coincidence (QMC) using symmetric, balanced paths to achieve Heisenberg-limited super-resolution, with up to 155-fold suppression of stray light and improved speed and contrast-to-noise ratio. Together, QMC and ICE represent significant advances in quantum bioimaging, offering low-light, high-resolution, and noninvasive imaging capabilities with potential impact in life sciences and remote sensing.