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Magnetic field direction detection using Electromagnetically Induced Transparency with vector vortex beam

Irina V. Novikova, Owen Rollins, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov

Published Nov 17, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

We experimentally demonstrate how one can measure the magnetic field direction using Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) with vector vortex laser beam. Unwrapping the intensity variation along the vortex allows to simultaneously obtain information about EIT resonance amplitudes for all laser polarizations from one differential intensity image. We demonstrate that we, can determine the orientation of the transverse component of the magnetic field with sub-degree precision by tracking the angular position of EIT amplitude extrema. Fourier analysis of the peaks' azimuthal dependence enables unambiguous identification of the angle between magnetic field and the laser propagation direction (longitudinal angle). The proposed method is fully compatible with EIT-based magnetometers, and particularly attractive for integrated assemblies, since it does not require any active polarization rotators.

DOI
10.1364/opticaopen.30621080.v1

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We experimentally demonstrate how one can measure the magnetic field direction using Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) with vector vortex laser beam. Unwrapping the intensity variation along the vortex allows to simultaneously obtain information about EIT resonance amplitudes for all laser polarizations from one differential intensity image. We demonstrate that we, can determine the orientation of the transverse component of the magnetic field with sub-degree precision by tracking the angular position of EIT amplitude extrema. Fourier analysis of the peaks' azimuthal dependence enables unambiguous identification of the angle between magnetic field and the laser propagation direction (longitudinal angle). The proposed method is fully compatible with EIT-based magnetometers, and particularly attractive for integrated assemblies, since it does not require any active polarization rotators.
We experimentally demonstrate how one can measure the magnetic field direction using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with a vector vortex laser beam. Unwrapping the intensity variation along the vortex allows to simultaneously obtain information about EIT resonance amplitudes for all laser polarizations from one differential intensity image. We demonstrate that one can determine the orientation of the transverse component of the magnetic field with sub-degree precision by tracking the angular position of EIT amplitude extrema. Fourier analysis of the peaks' azimuthal dependence enables unambiguous identification of the angle between the magnetic field and the laser propagation direction (longitudinal angle). The proposed method is fully compatible with EIT-based magnetometers, and particularly attractive for integrated assemblies, since it does not require any active polarization rotators.
Vector magnetometry using electromagnetically induced transparency with lin⊥linlin\perp linlin⊥lin polarization
Vector magnetometry was studied using the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with linear ⊥\perp⊥ linear (lin⊥linlin \perp linlin⊥lin) polarization of the probe and the pump beams in 87Rb^{87}Rb87Rb - D2D_2D2​ transition. The dependence of the EIT on the direction of the quantization axis and the relative orientation of the polarization of the applied electric fields was studied experimentally. We have shown that from the relative strengths of the σσσ and πππ EIT peaks, the direction of the magnetic field can be found. Moreover from the relative separation between the σσσ and πππ EIT peaks, the strengths of the magnetic field can be calculated. We have also demonstrated that the EIT peak amplitudes show oscillatory behaviour depending upon the orientation of the laser polarization relative to the magnetic field direction. Using the positions of the maxima and minima, the direction of the magnetic field can be calculated. To understand the experimental observation, a theoretical study has been done numerically considering all the thirteen Zeeman sub-levels. Apart from the numerical model, a toy model has also been considered to obtain an analytical response of the medium considering the velocity distribution. The dependencies of the magnetic field direction and the polarization direction of the electric fields have been explicitly derived in the analytical model. Further the direction of the magnetic field is calculated using the analytical solution. This study can be helpful in order to make an EIT based atomic vector magnetometer at room temperature.
Here, we describe progress toward realization of a vector magnetometer based on all-optical excitation of an atomic ensemble in a vapor cell under the conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The EIT resonance amplitudes depend on relative orientations of the three key vectors: laser wave-vector, polarization, and the direction of the magnetic field. By analyzing possible two-photon transitions and their combinations, we can, in principle, analytically calculate the amplitude of various EIT resonances as functions of the relative angles between the magnetic field, polarization and laser propagation vectors. By locking the polarization to one of these maxima, one can determine the plane formed by the magnetic field and the light wave vector to the accuracy better than 0.001 rad. Analysis of the relative resonance amplitude may be used to extract the full information about the magnetic field direction.
The effect of a vector magnetic field was studied on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with linear ⊥ linear polarization of the probe and pump beams in 87 R b − D 2 transition with a vapor cell at room temperature. The dependence of EIT on the direction of the quantization axis and the relative orientation of the polarizations of the applied electric fields was studied experimentally. We show that from the relative strengths of σ and π EITs, the direction of the magnetic field can be found. Moreover, from the relative separation between σ and π EITs, the strength of the magnetic field can be calculated. We also demonstrate that the EIT peak amplitudes show oscillatory behavior depending upon the orientation of the laser polarization relative to the magnetic field direction. To understand the experimental observations, a theoretical study was done numerically considering all 13 Zeeman sub-levels. Apart from the numerical simulation, a toy model was also constructed to obtain an analytical response of the medium considering the velocity distribution. The dependencies of the magnetic field direction and polarization direction of the electric field were explicitly derived with the analytical model.
We study the dependence of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance amplitudes on the external magnetic field direction in a linearly polarized bichromatic light (lin∣∣lin\mathit{lin}||\mathit{lin}lin∣∣lin) configuration in 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb vapor. We demonstrate that all seven resolvable EIT resonances exhibit maxima or minima at certain orientations of the laser polarization relative to the wave vector and magnetic field. This effect can be used for the development of a high-precision EIT vector magnetometer.
We develop a generalized principle of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) vector magnetometry based on high-contrast EIT resonances and the symmetry of atom-light interaction in the linearly polarized bichromatic fields. Operation of such vector magnetometer on the D1{D}_{1}D1​ line of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb has been demonstrated. The proposed compass-magnetometer has an increased immunity to shifts produced by quadratic Zeeman and ac-Stark effects, as well as by atom-buffer gas and atom-atom collisions. In our proof-of-principle experiment the detected angular sensitivity to magnetic field orientation is ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ deg/Hz1/2{}^{1/2}1/2, which is limited by laser intensity fluctuations, light polarization quality, and magnitude of the magnetic field.