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Optical and Quantum Sensing and Precision Metrology II

Vector atomic magnetometer based on EIT

Irina V. Novikova, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, Mario Alberto González Maldonado, Alex Toytyla, Andrey B. Matsko, Jamie McKelvy, I. Fan, Yang Li, John E. Kitching

Published Mar 8, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Here, we describe progress toward realization of a vector magnetometer based on all-optical excitation of an atomic ensemble in a vapor cell under the conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The EIT resonance amplitudes depend on relative orientations of the three key vectors: laser wave-vector, polarization, and the direction of the magnetic field. By analyzing possible two-photon transitions and their combinations, we can, in principle, analytically calculate the amplitude of various EIT resonances as functions of the relative angles between the magnetic field, polarization and laser propagation vectors. By locking the polarization to one of these maxima, one can determine the plane formed by the magnetic field and the light wave vector to the accuracy better than 0.001 rad. Analysis of the relative resonance amplitude may be used to extract the full information about the magnetic field direction.

DOI
10.1117/12.2657331

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Here, we describe progress toward realization of a vector magnetometer based on all-optical excitation of an atomic ensemble in a vapor cell under the conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The EIT resonance amplitudes depend on relative orientations of the three key vectors: laser wave-vector, polarization, and the direction of the magnetic field. By analyzing possible two-photon transitions and their combinations, we can, in principle, analytically calculate the amplitude of various EIT resonances as functions of the relative angles between the magnetic field, polarization and laser propagation vectors. By locking the polarization to one of these maxima, one can determine the plane formed by the magnetic field and the light wave vector to the accuracy better than 0.001 rad. Analysis of the relative resonance amplitude may be used to extract the full information about the magnetic field direction.
We study the dependence of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance amplitudes on the external magnetic field direction in a linearly polarized bichromatic light (lin∣∣lin\mathit{lin}||\mathit{lin}lin∣∣lin) configuration in 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb vapor. We demonstrate that all seven resolvable EIT resonances exhibit maxima or minima at certain orientations of the laser polarization relative to the wave vector and magnetic field. This effect can be used for the development of a high-precision EIT vector magnetometer.
This project demonstrates an optical method for measuring the strength and\ndirection of a magnetic field using electromagnetically induced transparency\n(EIT) in rubidium vapor. In rubidium atoms, the Zeeman effect causes atomic\nstates to shift when an external magnetic field is applied. The magnitude of\nthese shifts, and consequently the strength of the magnetic field, can be measured\nby recording electromagnetically induced transparency resonances with\ntuned laser fields. Furthermore, since the atom's interaction with the laser field\nis dependent on the direction of the magnetic field and the laser polarization,\nwe are able to determine the direction as well as the strength of the magnetic\nfield by analyzing relative intensities of EIT resonances. With a feasible precision\ndown to 10 picoTesla and the possibility of complete field mapping, this\nmagnetometer can be useful for medical, geophysical, and materials testing\napplications.
We experimentally demonstrate how one can measure the magnetic field direction using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with a vector vortex laser beam. Unwrapping the intensity variation along the vortex allows to simultaneously obtain information about EIT resonance amplitudes for all laser polarizations from one differential intensity image. We demonstrate that one can determine the orientation of the transverse component of the magnetic field with sub-degree precision by tracking the angular position of EIT amplitude extrema. Fourier analysis of the peaks' azimuthal dependence enables unambiguous identification of the angle between the magnetic field and the laser propagation direction (longitudinal angle). The proposed method is fully compatible with EIT-based magnetometers, and particularly attractive for integrated assemblies, since it does not require any active polarization rotators.
We experimentally demonstrate how one can measure the magnetic field direction using Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) with vector vortex laser beam. Unwrapping the intensity variation along the vortex allows to simultaneously obtain information about EIT resonance amplitudes for all laser polarizations from one differential intensity image. We demonstrate that we, can determine the orientation of the transverse component of the magnetic field with sub-degree precision by tracking the angular position of EIT amplitude extrema. Fourier analysis of the peaks' azimuthal dependence enables unambiguous identification of the angle between magnetic field and the laser propagation direction (longitudinal angle). The proposed method is fully compatible with EIT-based magnetometers, and particularly attractive for integrated assemblies, since it does not require any active polarization rotators.
Vector magnetometry using electromagnetically induced transparency with lin⊥linlin\perp linlin⊥lin polarization
Vector magnetometry was studied using the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with linear ⊥\perp⊥ linear (lin⊥linlin \perp linlin⊥lin) polarization of the probe and the pump beams in 87Rb^{87}Rb87Rb - D2D_2D2​ transition. The dependence of the EIT on the direction of the quantization axis and the relative orientation of the polarization of the applied electric fields was studied experimentally. We have shown that from the relative strengths of the σσσ and πππ EIT peaks, the direction of the magnetic field can be found. Moreover from the relative separation between the σσσ and πππ EIT peaks, the strengths of the magnetic field can be calculated. We have also demonstrated that the EIT peak amplitudes show oscillatory behaviour depending upon the orientation of the laser polarization relative to the magnetic field direction. Using the positions of the maxima and minima, the direction of the magnetic field can be calculated. To understand the experimental observation, a theoretical study has been done numerically considering all the thirteen Zeeman sub-levels. Apart from the numerical model, a toy model has also been considered to obtain an analytical response of the medium considering the velocity distribution. The dependencies of the magnetic field direction and the polarization direction of the electric fields have been explicitly derived in the analytical model. Further the direction of the magnetic field is calculated using the analytical solution. This study can be helpful in order to make an EIT based atomic vector magnetometer at room temperature.