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Laser Physics Letters

Information leakage resistant quantum dialogue based on Grover’s quantum searching

Q. Chen, Xia Li, Tian-Yu Ye

Published Apr 24, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract This paper proposes a novel information leakage resistant quantum dialogue protocol based on Grover’s quantum searching. This protocol prevents the information leakage problem by directly transmitting the auxiliary two-particle product states from one user to another user. Security analysis proves that this protocol is able to defeat the intercept-resend attack, the measure-resend attack, the entangle-measure attack and the Trojan horse attack from an outside eavesdropper. The qubit efficiency of this protocol after ignoring the eavesdropping check processes is as high as 2/3. This protocol only employs two-particle product states as initial quantum resource, only needs single-particle measurements and does not need to implement quantum entanglement swapping.

DOI
10.1088/1612-202x/adcde8

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Abstract This paper proposes a novel information leakage resistant quantum dialogue protocol based on Grover’s quantum searching. This protocol prevents the information leakage problem by directly transmitting the auxiliary two-particle product states from one user to another user. Security analysis proves that this protocol is able to defeat the intercept-resend attack, the measure-resend attack, the entangle-measure attack and the Trojan horse attack from an outside eavesdropper. The qubit efficiency of this protocol after ignoring the eavesdropping check processes is as high as 2/3. This protocol only employs two-particle product states as initial quantum resource, only needs single-particle measurements and does not need to implement quantum entanglement swapping.
This paper puts forward a novel quantum dialogue (QD) protocol without information leakage based on single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom. In this protocol, the receiver sends his private message to the sender in the way of quantum secure direct communication; and the receiver decodes out the private message of the sender with the help of auxiliary single photons in two degrees of freedom, double controlled-not (CNOT) operations and an auxiliary classical bit sequence sent from the sender. As a result, no information leakage takes place. Moreover, this protocol is proven to defeat the intercept-resend attack, the measure-resend attack, the entangle-measure attack and the Trojan horse attack from an outside eavesdropper. This protocol only employs single photons in two degrees of freedom as quantum resource and needs single-photon measurements. The qubit efficiency of this protocol is as high as 66.7%.
In order to solve the security threat of information leakage in quantum dialogue protocols,a controlled quantum dialogue protocol without information leakage was proposed,where the controller Alice controlled the bidirectional communication between two communication parties,Bob and Charlie.The problem of information leakage was avoided by making full use of the measurement correlation property after entanglement swapping between two maximally entangled GHZ states and decreasing the transmission efficiency.Moreover,the Bell-basis measurement rather than the GHZ-basis measurement was needed.Security analysis shows that the active attacks from an outside eavesdropper can be detected,such as the intercept-resend attack,the measurement-resend attack and the entanglement-and-measurement attack.
Drawing on the idea of the quantum secure direct communication(QSDC),a novel quantum dialogue scheme based on Bell states is presented in this paper.The proposed scheme can realize authorized parties' secure exchange of their respective secret messages simultaneously only through one communication.In this scheme,a random bit string and checking particles are used to ensure the security;the scheme is secure against eavesdropper's commonly used attacks,such as intercept/resend attack,Trojan horse attack and entanglement attack.A serious problem called leakage or correlation is found in some quantum dialogue protocols,namely,any eavesdropper can elicit some information about the secret from the classical communication of the legal users.Fortunately,our protocol can discard the drawback leakage.In addition,our protocol possesses high efficiency 66.7% and is feasible.Finally,the protocol is applied to the scheme based on two-qutrit entangled states with a secure communication.
Good security is indispensable to any quantum secret communication protocol.However, information leakage has been a great security threat to quantum dialogue.In order to solve the problem,aquantum dialogue protocol without information leakage via cavity QED was proposed, which made full use of the evolution law of atoms in cavity QED.The proposed quantum dialogue protocol avoided the information leakage problem by using the measurement correlation property after entanglement swapping between two Bell states via cavity QED,and could securely exchange 4 bits secret messages per round communication.The results show that the proposed protocol is able to detect the active attacks from the outside eavesdropper through security checking,such as the intercept-resend attack,the measurement-resend attack and the entanglement-and-measurement attack.Therefore,it has good security towards both the information leakage problem and the active attacks from the outside eavesdropper.
A quantum dialogue protocol based on single photons is proposed in this paper, two legitimate dialogue parties can send their secret messages to each other simultaneously. The protocol is secure against the denial of service attack, the delay-photon Trojan horse attack and invisible photon eavesdropping attack. Moreover, it can overcome the information leakage problem existed in most previous quantum dialogue protocols. Compared with the only secure quantum dialogue protocol based on single photons which also can overcome the information leakage problem as far as we know, our protocol has a higher efficiency for qubits. The protocol is experimentally feasible within current technologies.
A lot of authenticated quantum dialogue protocols are springing up. Many of them have the problem of information leakage, or suffer from Man-In-The-Middle attack. Some protocols can guarantee security, but have relatively low efficiency. Based on the above situation, we present a novel authenticated quantum dialogue protocol by using Bell states and entanglement swapping. In this protocol, we adopt Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs to detect eavesdropping and transmit secret messages. We employ polarized photons to achieve authentication of users' identity information. Compared with other quantum dialogue schemes with authentication, our protocol has several advantages. The transmitted particles are passed once and do not carry any secret messages. The proposed protocol can overcome the drawback of information leakage and resist against typical attacks. The efficiency is acceptable.