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Chinese Journal of Electronics

Authenticated Quantum Dialogue Without Information Leakage

He Wang, Yuqing Zhang, Gaofei Wu, Hua Ma

Published Mar 1, 2018• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A lot of authenticated quantum dialogue protocols are springing up. Many of them have the problem of information leakage, or suffer from Man-In-The-Middle attack. Some protocols can guarantee security, but have relatively low efficiency. Based on the above situation, we present a novel authenticated quantum dialogue protocol by using Bell states and entanglement swapping. In this protocol, we adopt Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs to detect eavesdropping and transmit secret messages. We employ polarized photons to achieve authentication of users' identity information. Compared with other quantum dialogue schemes with authentication, our protocol has several advantages. The transmitted particles are passed once and do not carry any secret messages. The proposed protocol can overcome the drawback of information leakage and resist against typical attacks. The efficiency is acceptable.

DOI
10.1049/cje.2018.01.010

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A lot of authenticated quantum dialogue protocols are springing up. Many of them have the problem of information leakage, or suffer from Man-In-The-Middle attack. Some protocols can guarantee security, but have relatively low efficiency. Based on the above situation, we present a novel authenticated quantum dialogue protocol by using Bell states and entanglement swapping. In this protocol, we adopt Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs to detect eavesdropping and transmit secret messages. We employ polarized photons to achieve authentication of users' identity information. Compared with other quantum dialogue schemes with authentication, our protocol has several advantages. The transmitted particles are passed once and do not carry any secret messages. The proposed protocol can overcome the drawback of information leakage and resist against typical attacks. The efficiency is acceptable.
Abstract This work proposes a scheme that combines the advantages of a quantum secret sharing procedure and quantum dialogue. The proposed scheme enables the participants to simultaneously make mutual identity authentications, in a simulated scenario where the boss, Alice, shares a secret with her two agents Bob and Charlie. The secret is protected by checking photons to keep untrustworthy agents and outer attacks from getting useful information. Before the two agents cooperate to recover Alice’s secret, they must authenticate their identity using parts of a pre-shared key. In addition, the whole pre-shared key is reused as part of recovering the secret data to avoid any leaks of information. In comparison with previous schemes, the proposed method can efficiently detect eavesdropping and it is free from information leaks. Furthermore, the proposed scheme proved to be secure against man-in-the-middle attacks, impersonation attacks, entangled-and-measure attacks, participant attacks, modification attacks and Trojan-horse attacks.
An efficient practical feasible protocol for quantum secure dialogue by using single photons is proposed. Comparing with the previous protocols, in the proposed protocol, no classical message has to exchanged during the decoding of the secret messages, so the present scheme is not only overcome the drawback “information leakage”, it possesses the characters of security and maximum efficiency. The other highlight of our protocol is that, in this method one party is able to first read the message received from the other party before sending another message back in reply.
A quantum dialogue protocol based on single photons is proposed in this paper, two legitimate dialogue parties can send their secret messages to each other simultaneously. The protocol is secure against the denial of service attack, the delay-photon Trojan horse attack and invisible photon eavesdropping attack. Moreover, it can overcome the information leakage problem existed in most previous quantum dialogue protocols. Compared with the only secure quantum dialogue protocol based on single photons which also can overcome the information leakage problem as far as we know, our protocol has a higher efficiency for qubits. The protocol is experimentally feasible within current technologies.
In order to avoid the risk of information leakage during the information mutual transmission between two authorized participants, i.e. Alice and Bob, a quantum dialogue protocol based on the entanglement swapping between any two Bell states and the shared secret Bell state is proposed. The proposed protocol integrates the ideas of block transmission, two-step transmission and unitary operation encoding together using the Bell states as the information carriers. Besides the entanglement swapping between any two Bell states, a shared secret Bell state is also used to overcome the information leakage problem, which not only makes Bob aware of the prepared initial state but also is used for Bob's encoding and entanglement swapping. Security analysis shows that the proposed protocol can resist the general active attacks from an outside eavesdropper Eve. Moreover, the relation between the maximal amount of information Eve can gain and the detection probability is derived.
In this paper an efficient quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme with authentication is presented, which is based on quantum entanglement and polarized single photons. The present protocol uses Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) pairs and polarized single photons in batches. A particle of the EPR pairs is retained in the sender's station, and the other is transmitted forth and back between the sender and the receiver, similar to the ``ping–pong'' QSDC protocol. According to the shared information beforehand, these two kinds of quantum states are mixed and then transmitted via a quantum channel. The EPR pairs are used to transmit secret messages and the polarized single photons used for authentication and eavesdropping check. Consequently, because of the dual contributions of the polarized single photons, no classical information is needed. The intrinsic efficiency and total efficiency are both 1 in this scheme as almost all of the instances are useful and each EPR pair can be used to carry two bits of information.
Quantum secret sharing techniques allow two parties or more to securely share a key, while the same number of parties or less can efficiently deduce the secret key. In this paper, we propose an authenticated quantum secret sharing protocol, where a quantum dialogue protocol is adopted to authenticate the identity of the parties. The participants simultaneously authenticate the identity of each other based on parts of a prior shared key. Moreover, the whole prior shared key can be reused for deducing the secret data. Although the proposed scheme does not significantly improve the efficiency performance, it is more secure compared to some existing quantum secret sharing scheme due to the identity authentication process. In addition, the proposed scheme can stand against participant attack, man-in-the-middle attack, impersonation attack, Trojan-horse attack as well as information leaks.