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Optics & Laser Technology

Fiber-optic quantum gyroscope based on Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry

Yiwei Zhai, Ziming Chen, Zhanpeng Pan, Shengchun Xue, Yijiang Liu, Yuhang Zhao

Published Mar 26, 2025• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interferometry with quantum states has emerged a crucial tool for precision measurement system. Here, a novel scheme for angular velocity measurement in a fiber-optic quantum gyroscope is proposed and demonstrated, based on Sagnac effect of frequency-entangled biphotons and incorporating a HOM interferometer. The time delay resulting from the rotation-induced Sagnac effect between the signal and idler photons generates a shift of HOM dip, which is proportional to the angular velocity. Consequently, a highly sensitivity and stability angular velocity measurement is achieved by monitoring the HOM dip. The sensitivity scale is measured to be 3 . 54 ± 0 . 08 fs / rad / s which is equivalent to a minimally detectable angular velocity of 28.25 ± 0.06 × 10 - 5 r a d / s 58.27 ± 0.12 ° / h with a time delay of 1 a s . The measurement stability of the continuous rotating system, in terms of time Allan deviation (TDEV), reaches 1.93 × 10 - 3 fs at an averaging time of 10,240 s. The corresponding angular velocity measurement stability reaches 55 × 10 - 5 r a d / s . This scheme holds potential for advancing the development of high-performance optical quantum gyroscopes.

DOI
10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.112846

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Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interferometry with quantum states has emerged a crucial tool for precision measurement system. Here, a novel scheme for angular velocity measurement in a fiber-optic quantum gyroscope is proposed and demonstrated, based on Sagnac effect of frequency-entangled biphotons and incorporating a HOM interferometer. The time delay resulting from the rotation-induced Sagnac effect between the signal and idler photons generates a shift of HOM dip, which is proportional to the angular velocity. Consequently, a highly sensitivity and stability angular velocity measurement is achieved by monitoring the HOM dip. The sensitivity scale is measured to be 3 . 54 ± 0 . 08 fs / rad / s which is equivalent to a minimally detectable angular velocity of 28.25 ± 0.06 × 10 - 5 r a d / s 58.27 ± 0.12 ° / h with a time delay of 1 a s . The measurement stability of the continuous rotating system, in terms of time Allan deviation (TDEV), reaches 1.93 × 10 - 3 fs at an averaging time of 10,240 s. The corresponding angular velocity measurement stability reaches 55 × 10 - 5 r a d / s . This scheme holds potential for advancing the development of high-performance optical quantum gyroscopes.
Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) interferometry has emerged as a valuable means for quantum sensing applications, particularly in measuring physical parameters that influence the relative optical delay between photon pairs. Unlike classical techniques, HOM-based quantum sensors offer higher resolution due to the intrinsic dispersion cancellation property of correlated photon pairs. Due to the use of single photons, HOM-based quantum sensors typically involve a large integration time to acquire the signal and subsequent post-processing for high-resolution measurements, restricting their use for real-time operations. Based on our understanding of the relationship between measurement resolution and the gain medium length that produces photon pairs, we report here on the development of an HOM-based quantum sensor for high-precision group index measurements. Using a 1 mm long periodically poled KTP (PPKTP) crystal for photon-pair generation, we have measured the group index with a precision of ∼6.75×10−6 per centimeter of sample length at an integration time of 100 ms, surpassing the previous reports by 400%. Typically, the measurement range reduces with the increase in the resolution. However, using a novel scheme compensating photon delay due to group index changes stepwise with an optical delay stage, we have measured the group index variation of PPKTP crystal over a range of 3.5 × 10−3 for a temperature change from 25 to 200 °C, corresponding to an optical delay adjustment of ∼200 μm while maintaining the same precision (∼6.75×10−6 per centimeter of sample length). The current results establish the usefulness of HOM-interferometer-based quantum sensors for fast, precise, and long-range measurements in various applications, including quantum optical coherence tomography.
Quantum interference forces two indistinguishable input photons to depart a beamsplitter in the same (of two possible) spatial output modes; this is known as the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect. It provides a quantitative way of measuring the distinguishability between two photons and also has been utilised to determine their relative temporal delays [1, 2]. HOM interferometry offers numerous advantages over its classical counterpart, most importantly it lacks any dependence on the phase of the photons and therefore can potentially provide reliable measurements in environments where the phase is unstable. To date there have been very few investigations on the precision that is achievable with HOM interferometry. Experiments with collinear geometries have yielded sensitivities as low as 0.1fs however these approaches are limited to measurements of birefringence and other polarisation dependent effects [3, 4], as the precision derives from the inherently stable shared path of the photon pairs. Typical non-shared path HOM interferometers exhibit resolution of roughly 1–3 fs (0.3–1 μm).
Abstract Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) interference, bunching of two indistinguishable photons on a balanced beam‐splitter, has emerged as a promising tool for quantum sensing. There is a need for wide spectral‐bandwidth photon pairs (for high‐resolution sensing) with high brightness (for fast sensing). Here, the generation of photon‐pairs with flexible spectral‐bandwidth even using single‐frequency, continuous‐wave diode laser enabling high‐precision, real‐time sensing is showed. Using 1‐mm‐long periodically‐poled KTP crystal, degenerate, photon‐pairs with spectral‐bandwidth of 163.42±1.68 nm are produced resulting in a HOM‐dip width of 4.01±0.04 m to measure a displacement of 60 nm, and sufficiently high brightness to enable the measurement of vibrations with amplitude of 205 ± 0.75 nm and frequency of 8 Hz. Fisher‐information (FI) and maximum likelihood estimation enables optical delay measurements as small as 4.97 nm with precision (Cramér–Rao bound) and accuracy of 0.89 and 0.54 nm, respectively, therefore showing HOM sensing capability for real‐time, precision‐augmented, in‐field quantum sensing applications.
A gyroscope based on Sagnac interferometer measures the rotation rate relative to an inertial frame of reference. Sagnac effect originally has been derived and experimentally demonstrated with optical waves. Later, matter wave based Sagnac interferometers were developed due to inherent sensitivity over a photon based system. However in any interferometer whether it is photon or matter wave based the resultant phase shift due to counter-rotating waves is independent of the wave velocity. Here we show that one can have a larger phase shift with slower matter waves using Aharonov-Bohm effect: the phase difference of the counter propagating waves is proportional to the inverse square of the particle velocity.
Two-photon interference, commonly known as Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference [1] , has attracted a great deal of interest in quantum sensing, including the precision timing measurements [2] and quantum optical coherence tomography [3] . While the dip of the HOM interference is the direct measure of the purity of the single-photon, the width of the HOM dip relates to the coherence time of the interfering photons. The broad consensus for using the HOM interferometer for sensing application remained the HOM dip width as the limiting factor for the precision measurements. As a consequence, the ultra-broadband photon sources have long been hailed as a vital prerequisite for ultra-precise HOM interferometry. Here, we have studied the variation in the width of the HOM dip with the crystal length for the continuous-wave pump laser and measured the HOM dip as low as 8.2 ± 0.2 µm corresponding to the spectral width of the single-photon source of 79.6±1.9 nm useful for sensitive sensing applications.
Quantum entanglement is a vital resource in quantum information processing. High-dimensional quantum entanglement offers advantages that classical systems cannot surpass, particularly in enhancing channel capacity, improving system noise resilience, and increasing sensitivity to external environments. The construction of multimode entanglement in the spectral domain is well-suited for fiber-optic systems. Here, we present a straightforward scheme for generating multimode frequency-bin entanglement using a semiconductor chip through a simple mode conversion. A general model for Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) interference with a multimode frequency-bin entangled state is presented and applied to the experiments. The multimode entangled photons we produced exhibit HOM interference with a high-visibility beating pattern, demonstrating a strong relationship with the mode number, mode spacing, and the profile of the single mode. Building on the Fisher information analysis, we explore the relationship between the features in multimode entangled state interference traces and the precision of interferometric measurements even in the presence of experimental nonidealities. This work may deepen the understanding of multimode frequency-bin entanglement and advance the application of multimode HOM interference in quantum sensing.