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Sensors and Actuators A Physical

Modeling and analysis of phase characteristics in NMOR atomic magnetometers

Yanchao Chai, Liwei Jiang, Mengnan Tian, Xin Hui Zhao, Jiali Liu, Junlin Chen, Zhenglong Lu, Zhuo Wang, Xusheng Lei

Published Mar 20, 2025• 7 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.sna.2025.116462

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The nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (NMOR) atomic magnetometer is a highly sensitive total-field device with significant applications in fundamental physics, geophysics, and biomedical monitoring. The atomic polarization, which is optically induced through resonant light pumping, plays a pivotal role in determining the sensitivity and stability of the magnetometer. In this paper, refined analysis and representation of atomic polarization in NMOR atomic magnetometers are presented through the establishment of a three-dimensional polarization distribution model based on the rate equation. The polarization characteristics of the single-beam pump and repump modes are compared, and the scale factors of both modes are experimentally measured. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model accurately captures the spatial distribution of optically induced polarization, which is essential for improving the performance and extending the application potential of NMOR magnetometers in high-sensitivity optical sensing systems.

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Advanced Quantum Technologies•Jan 17, 2025•8 citations
The nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (NMOR) atomic magnetometer is a highly sensitive total-field device with significant applications in fundamental physics, geophysics, and biomedical monitoring. The atomic polarization, which is optically induced through resonant light pumping, plays a pivotal role in determining the sensitivity and stability of the magnetometer. In this paper, refined analysis and representation of atomic polarization in NMOR atomic magnetometers are presented through the establishment of a three-dimensional polarization distribution model based on the rate equation. The polarization characteristics of the single-beam pump and repump modes are compared, and the scale factors of both modes are experimentally measured. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model accurately captures the spatial distribution of optically induced polarization, which is essential for improving the performance and extending the application potential of NMOR magnetometers in high-sensitivity optical sensing systems.
Abstract Nonlinear magneto‐optical rotation (NMOR) atomic magnetometer has extreme precision and sensitivity. However, atomic magnetometer suffers from the problem of dead zone that the sensitive signal decays to zero if the magnetic field is along some specific directions relative to the sensor. In this paper, a new scheme based on excitation of dual‐axis magnetic pulse is presented to eliminate the dead zone of NMOR atomic magnetometer. The magnetic field measurement is based on the mode of free induction decay (FID), which allows pumping and detecting stages to be separated without interference from magnetic pulse. The dead zone model is developed for NMOR atomic magnetometer from the mechanism of interaction between optical field and polarized atoms. To eliminate the dead zone of NMOR atomic magnetometer, the response model with dual‐axis magnetic pulse excitation is established by using the density matrix theory for bias magnetic field in arbitrary direction. Then the proposed method of suppressing the dead zone is examined in the experiment, which is in agreement with the developed model. The results show that the method can effectively eliminate the dead zone of NMOR atomic magnetometer, which is of great significance to measurement of magnetic field in complex magnetic environment with variable direction.