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Physica Scripta

Controller independent controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication

Ying Chen, Xiangfu Zou, Xin Wang, Shenggen Zheng, Jianfeng Liu, Zhenbang Rong, Zhiming Huang, Xueying Liang, Jianxiong Wu

Published Mar 19, 2025• 5 citations

Abstract

Abstract Controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication (CBQSDC) is an important research direction in quantum secure direct communication. It can enable two legitimate users to confidentially exchange secret messages only with the permission of the controller. In many practical scenarios, CBQSDC needs to avoid the controller from obtaining useful information on the secret messages. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce the concept of controller independent controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication (CICBQSDC) that has a controller to control the communication but restricts the controller to obtain useful information on the secret messages. In other words, we only require the controller of CICBQSDC to cooperate, not to be trusted. In addition, a novel CICBQSDC protocol is constructed. To make CICBQSDC protocols have broad application scenarios, we point out that they need to avoid four security problems: the information leakage problem, the problem of violating simultaneity, the problem of communication not being controlled, and the problem of controllers stealing secret information. Furthermore, we show that the constructed CICBQSDC protocol can avoid the four security problems. Moreover, the unconditional security of the constructed CICBQSDC protocol is demonstrated in the asymptotic scenario.

DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/adc2af

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Abstract Controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication (CBQSDC) is an important research direction in quantum secure direct communication. It can enable two legitimate users to confidentially exchange secret messages only with the permission of the controller. In many practical scenarios, CBQSDC needs to avoid the controller from obtaining useful information on the secret messages. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce the concept of controller independent controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication (CICBQSDC) that has a controller to control the communication but restricts the controller to obtain useful information on the secret messages. In other words, we only require the controller of CICBQSDC to cooperate, not to be trusted. In addition, a novel CICBQSDC protocol is constructed. To make CICBQSDC protocols have broad application scenarios, we point out that they need to avoid four security problems: the information leakage problem, the problem of violating simultaneity, the problem of communication not being controlled, and the problem of controllers stealing secret information. Furthermore, we show that the constructed CICBQSDC protocol can avoid the four security problems. Moreover, the unconditional security of the constructed CICBQSDC protocol is demonstrated in the asymptotic scenario.

In this paper, a novel controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol (CBQSDC) is proposed. In this scheme, both users can transmit their secret messages directly and simultaneously under the permission of the controller. The proposed method use feature of entanglement swapping which is led to more efficiency (lowest number of quantum resources (EPR pairs)), security and the lowest number of security checking steps. Also, a generalization of the protocol is explained and a protocol of CBQSDC-based network is presented.

In this paper, a novel controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol (CBQSDC) is proposed. In this scheme, both users can transmit their secret messages directly and simultaneously under the permission of the controller. The proposed method use feature of entanglement swapping which is led to more efficiency (lowest number of quantum resources (EPR pairs)), security and the lowest number of security checking steps. Also, a generalization of the protocol is explained and a protocol of CBQSDC-based network is presented.

We propose a novel protocol for controlled bidirectional quantum secure communication based on a nonlocal swap gate scheme. Our proposed protocol would be applied to a system in which a controller (supervisor/Charlie) controls the bidirectional communication with quantum information or secret messages between legitimate users (Alice and Bob). In this system, the legitimate users must obtain permission from the controller in order to exchange their respective quantum information or secret messages simultaneously; the controller is unable to obtain any quantum information or secret messages from the decoding process. Moreover, the presence of the controller also avoids the problem of one legitimate user receiving the quantum information or secret message before the other, and then refusing to help the other user decode the quantum information or secret message. Our proposed protocol is aimed at protecting against external and participant attacks on such a system, and the cost of transmitting quantum bits using our protocol is less than that achieved in other studies. Based on the nonlocal swap gate scheme, the legitimate users exchange their quantum information or secret messages without transmission in a public channel, thus protecting against eavesdroppers stealing the secret messages.

A controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol without information leakage was proposed.In the proposed protocol,two authenticated communication parties,Alice and Bob,were able to securely exchange their secret messages simultaneously under the control of the controller,Charlie.The problem of information leakage was overcome by making full use of the measurement correlation property after entanglement swapping among three Bell states.Moreover,the proposed protocol merely took the Bell state as quantum resource and merely needed the Bell measurement so that it was convenient to implement.Security analysis shows that the proposed protocol can detect not only the active attacks from the outside eavesdropper,but also the dishonest behavior from the controller,Charlie.It can be concluded that the proposed protocol has good security.

A novel controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication (CBQSDC) protocol based on Grover’s algorithm is proposed in our paper, which is on the basis of investigating the properties of it. To avoid information leakage, the strategy of adding control-not gate is employed in our protocol. The proposed protocol uses Bell state as quantum resource to transmit information in a dual-quantum-channel. Through the proposed measures, we can not only prevent information leakage, but also improve the efficiency of transmission. As can be shown from the security analysis, the Grover’s algorithm has great application prospects in the research of CBQSDC.

In a recent letter, a controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol with cluster states was proposed. We analyzed the security of this protocol and found that it is insecure. In the original protocol, a dishonest controller can eavesdrop the secret messages exchanged between the users, and a dishonest user may achieve his communication goal without the permission of the controller. The corresponding two kinds of attack strategies are presented. Finally, we give a feasible improvement of this communication protocol.