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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Supercontinuum generation in Rubidium vapour

Rezzak Ali, Buru Kakum, Rickey Marngar, Rohit Mukherjee, Nitu Borgohain

Published Dec 1, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We present a theoretical study of supercontinuum generation in a Rubidium vapor cell under the conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). A weak probe pulse and a strong control laser beam were utilized within a lambda-type excitation scheme. We identified a significant Kerr nonlinearity on the order of 103 W−1m−1 and low group velocity dispersion on the order of 10−20 s2m−1 in the Rubidium vapor cell of length 2.54 cm at a probe wavelength of 781 nm. These parameters facilitated the generation of a 35nm supercontinuum, characterized by pronounced oscillations resulting from self-phase modulation and optical wave breaking. The findings suggest potential applications in nonlinear optical devices and spectroscopy.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/2919/1/012025

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American Journal of Physics•Jan 12, 2009•35 citations
Abstract We present a theoretical study of supercontinuum generation in a Rubidium vapor cell under the conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). A weak probe pulse and a strong control laser beam were utilized within a lambda-type excitation scheme. We identified a significant Kerr nonlinearity on the order of 103 W−1m−1 and low group velocity dispersion on the order of 10−20 s2m−1 in the Rubidium vapor cell of length 2.54 cm at a probe wavelength of 781 nm. These parameters facilitated the generation of a 35nm supercontinuum, characterized by pronounced oscillations resulting from self-phase modulation and optical wave breaking. The findings suggest potential applications in nonlinear optical devices and spectroscopy.
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Abstract This study investigates the generation of broadband supercontinuum within the mid-infrared spectral range employing a symmetric single quantum well (SSWQ) system when the system is operated in the electromagnetically induced transparency regime. By employing a cascade-type excitation scheme with a low-intensity probe field together with a high-intensity control field, the medium exhibits strongly reduced linear absorption along with enhanced Kerr nonlinearity. At a probe wavelength of  9.741 μ m\:9.741\:\mu\:m9.741μm, the system attains a large nonlinear coefficient and weak group-velocity dispersion, enabling efficient nonlinear pulse evolution at comparatively low excitation powers. The influence of self-phase modulation is initially examined using various non-Gaussian input pulse shapes, such as sinh-Gaussian, cosh-Gaussian, and tanh-Gaussian profiles. Among these, tanh-Gaussian pulse produces the strongest SPM-induced spectral broadening. Further, numerical investigation incorporating higher-order dispersion along with enhanced Kerr nonlinearity results efficient SC generation mediated by SPM, modulation instability, four-wave mixing, and soliton dynamics. The tanh- Gaussian and cosh-Gaussian pulses generate the widest spectra, extending up to nearly  2.32\:2.322.32 octaves and  2.54\:2.542.54 octaves, respectively, demonstrating the suitability of SSQW systems for compact mid-infrared photonic applications.
In the sealed-off cesium vapor cell studied in this work, a residual rubidium fraction of approximately $\sim1%wasobserved.WeinvestigatetheopticalresponseofthesetraceRbatomsinasealed1 cmlongCs−filledvaporcell.Despitethelowconcentration,laserexcitationat795 nmallowstheobservationofsaturatedabsorptionandelectromagneticallyinducedtransparency(EIT)resonances.ThesurroundingCsvaporeffectivelyactsasabuffermedium,reducingtheRbatomicvelocityandincreasingtheinteractiontimewiththelaserfield,whichimprovestheEITsignal.Theexperimentsareperformedinanall−sapphirecellthatcanbeheatedupto5001\% was observed. We investigate the optical response of these trace Rb atoms in a sealed 1~cm long Cs-filled vapor cell. Despite the low concentration, laser excitation at 795~nm allows the observation of saturated absorption and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonances. The surrounding Cs vapor effectively acts as a buffer medium, reducing the Rb atomic velocity and increasing the interaction time with the laser field, which improves the EIT signal. The experiments are performed in an all-sapphire cell that can be heated up to 5001%wasobserved.WeinvestigatetheopticalresponseofthesetraceRbatomsinasealed1 cmlongCs−filledvaporcell.Despitethelowconcentration,laserexcitationat795 nmallowstheobservationofsaturatedabsorptionandelectromagneticallyinducedtransparency(EIT)resonances.ThesurroundingCsvaporeffectivelyactsasabuffermedium,reducingtheRbatomicvelocityandincreasingtheinteractiontimewiththelaserfield,whichimprovestheEITsignal.Theexperimentsareperformedinanall−sapphirecellthatcanbeheatedupto500^{\circ}$C without window blackening, unlike conventional glass cells. From the measured spectra, Cs--Rb collisional cross sections are estimated. These results show that residual atomic species in high-temperature vapor cells can be exploited for spectroscopic and nonlinear-optical studies.
This thesis presents theoretical models and results of numerical simulations describing the propagation of optical pulses through dense, thermal atomic vapours. In particular we investigate the nonlinear effects of optical solitons due to self-induced transparency (SIT) in two-level systems, optical simultons in V-type three-level systems and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in Λ-type systems, including the storage and retrieval of dark-state polaritons. An investigation is made into two-photon excitation of the 5D states of rubidium in a high-intensity beam including the hyperfine structure of the relevant atomic levels. Decay from these states to the 6P manifolds is ruled out as a cause of experimentally observed fluorescence due to the amount of power broadening associated with intensities necessary to provide any significant level of population in these highly excited states. We combine the nonlinear effects of optical solitons and EIT to explain experimentally observed steepened pulses in a V-type system in a micron-length cell. We explain the behaviour as the early formation of a simulton pulse drawn from a CW probe field by a strong coupling pulse, due to coherent population trapping. We predict that in a longer cell it may be possible to facilitate propagation of matched pulses, even when the transitions in the system have different propagation coefficients, as long as decoherence from collision broadening can be controlled. The fact that weak pulses can propagate with this scheme suggests an approach to achieving transparent propagation of single or few photon pulses distinct from, but related to, both SIT and EIT.
We investigate ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in rubidium gas. The theoretical absorption profile of a weak probe laser beam at 780.2nm (5S1∕2→5P3∕2) is modeled in the presence of a strong coupling laser beam at 776.0nm (5P3∕2→5D5∕2) and the absorption transparency window is characterized. We use two grating-feedback diode lasers and observe EIT experimentally in rubidium and compare the results to the theory. This experiment brings quantum optics into the advanced undergraduate laboratory and utilizes equipment and expertise commonly available in laboratories equipped to perform diode-laser-based absorption spectroscopy of rubidium.