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Chinese Physics B

Micron-resolved quantum precision measurement of magnetic field at the Tesla level

Si-Han An, Shi-Yu Ge, Wentao Lu, Guobin Chen, Sheng-Kai Xia, Ai-Qing Chen, Cheng-Kun 成坤 Wang 王, Lin-Yan 林嫣 Yu 虞, Zhiqiang Zhang, Yang Wang, Gui-Jin Tang, Hua-Fu Cheng, Guanxiang Du

Published Sep 24, 2024• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We develop a quantum precision measurement method for magnetic field at the Tesla level by utilizing a fiber diamond magnetometer. Central to our system is a micron-sized fiber diamond probe positioned on the surface of a coplanar waveguide made of nonmagnetic materials. Calibrated with a nuclear magnetic resonance magnetometer, this probe demonstrates a broad magnetic field range from 10 mT to 1.5 T with a nonlinear error better than 0.0028% under a standard magnetic field generator and stability better than 0.0012% at a 1.5 T magnetic field. Finally, we demonstrate quantitative mapping of the vector magnetic field on the surface of a permanent magnet using the diamond magnetometer.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/ad7e9b

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Abstract We develop a quantum precision measurement method for magnetic field at the Tesla level by utilizing a fiber diamond magnetometer. Central to our system is a micron-sized fiber diamond probe positioned on the surface of a coplanar waveguide made of nonmagnetic materials. Calibrated with a nuclear magnetic resonance magnetometer, this probe demonstrates a broad magnetic field range from 10 mT to 1.5 T with a nonlinear error better than 0.0028% under a standard magnetic field generator and stability better than 0.0012% at a 1.5 T magnetic field. Finally, we demonstrate quantitative mapping of the vector magnetic field on the surface of a permanent magnet using the diamond magnetometer.
Abstract We present a quantitative measurement of the horizontal component of the microwave magnetic field of a coplanar waveguide using a quantum diamond probe in fiber format. The measurement results are compared in detail with simulation, showing a good consistence. Further simulation shows fiber diamond probe brings negligible disturbance to the field under measurement compared to bulk diamond. This method will find important applications ranging from electromagnetic compatibility test and failure analysis of high frequency and high complexity integrated circuits.
In quantum sensing of magnetic fields, ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond offer high sensitivity, high bandwidth and outstanding spatial resolution while operating in harsh environments. Moreover, the orientation of defect centers along four crystal axes forms an intrinsic coordinate system, enabling vector magnetometry within a single diamond crystal. While most vector magnetometers rely on a known bias magnetic field for full recovery of three-dimensional (3D) field information, employing external 3D Helmholtz coils or permanent magnets results in bulky, laboratory-bound setups, impeding miniaturization of the device. Here, a novel approach is presented that utilizes a fiber-integrated microscale coil at the fiber tip to generate a localized uniaxial magnetic field. The same fiber-tip coil is used in parallel for spin control by combining dc and microwave signals in a bias tee. To implement vector magnetometry using a uniaxial bias field, the orientation of the diamond crystal is preselected and then fully characterized by rotating a static magnetic field in three planes of rotation. The measurement of vector magnetic fields in the full solid angle is demonstrated with a shot-noise-limited sensitivity of 19.4 nT/Hz 1/2 and microscale spatial resolution while achieving a fiber sensor head cross section of less than 1 mm2
In quantum sensing of magnetic fields, ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond offer high sensitivity, high bandwidth and outstanding spatial resolution while operating in harsh environments. Moreover, the orientation of defect centers along four crystal axes forms an intrinsic coordinate system, enabling vector magnetometry within a single diamond crystal. While most vector magnetometers rely on a known bias magnetic field for full recovery of three-dimensional (3D) field information, employing external 3D Helmholtz coils or permanent magnets results in bulky, laboratory-bound setups, impeding miniaturization of the device. Here, a novel approach is presented that utilizes a fiber-integrated microscale coil at the fiber tip to generate a localized uniaxial magnetic field. The same fiber-tip coil is used in parallel for spin control by combining dc and microwave signals in a bias tee. To implement vector magnetometry using a uniaxial bias field, the orientation of the diamond crystal is preselected and then fully characterized by rotating a static magnetic field in three planes of rotation. The measurement of vector magnetic fields in the full solid angle is demonstrated with a shot-noise-limited sensitivity of 19.4 nT/Hz 1 / 2 and microscale spatial resolution while achieving a fiber sensor head cross section of less than 1 mm 2 . Published by the American Physical Society 2024
In modern-day quantum metrology, quantum sensors are widely employed to detect weak magnetic fields or nanoscale signals. Quantum devices, exploiting quantum coherence, are inevitably connected to physical constants and can achieve accuracy, repeatability, and precision approaching fundamental limits. As a result, these sensors have shown utility in a wide range of research domains spanning both science and technology. A rapidly emerging quantum sensing platform employs atomic-scale defects in crystals. In particular, magnetometry using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond has garnered increasing interest. NV systems possess a combination of remarkable properties, optical addressability, long coherence times, and biocompatibility. Sensors based on NV centers excel in spatial resolution and magnetic sensitivity. These diamond-based sensors promise comparable combination of high spatial resolution and magnetic sensitivity without cryogenic operation. The above properties of NV magnetometers promise increasingly integrated quantum measurement technology, as a result, they have been extensively developed with various protocols and find use in numerous applications spanning materials characterization, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), condensed matter physics, paleomagnetism, neuroscience and living systems biology, and industrial vector magnetometry. In this chapter, NV centers are explored for magnetic sensing in a number of contexts. In general, we introduce novel regimes for magnetic-field probes with NV ensembles. Specifically, NV centers are developed for sensitive magnetometers for applications where microwaves (MWs) are prohibitively invasive and operations need to be carried out under zero ambient magnetic field. The primary goal of our discussion is to improve the utility of these NV center-based magnetometers.
Transitioning quantum magnetometry from laboratory environments to real-world applications has been limited by a persistent trade-off between sensor miniaturization and magnetic sensitivity. While bulky systems can achieve high sensitivity, endoscopic probes commonly suffer from inefficient fluorescence collection and reduced performance. Here we resolve this trade-off and present a miniaturized diamond quantum magnetometer with a 6 mm diameter endoscopic sensor head, achieving a magnetic-field sensitivity of 91 pT/sqrt(Hz) with a 2 kHz measurement bandwidth in a magnetically unshielded environment. The fluorescence collection bottleneck is overcome by separating excitation and collection into different cores of a fused multi-core fiber bundle, coupled to the diamond through a custom high-numerical-aperture micro-objective. A compact FPGA-based backend performs microwave control, lock-in detection and real-time resonance tracking, enabling robust operation during magnetic-field imaging. To demonstrate the practical utility of the miniaturized sensor, we image the magnetic field of a commercial lithium-ion pouch cell during charge and discharge and reconstruct depth-integrated current-density maps of the current flow. These results show that endoscopic diamond magnetometers can combine high sensitivity with a probe geometry suitable for confined, unshielded measurements, opening new avenues in battery technology and beyond.