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Chinese Physics B

Micron-sized fiber diamond probe for quantum precision measurement of microwave magnetic field

Wentao Lu, Sheng-Kai Xia, Ai-Qing Chen, Kang-Hao 康浩 He 何, Zeng-Bo Xu, Yihan Chen, Yang Wang, Shi-Yu Ge, Si-Han An, Jianfei Wu, Yihan Ma, Guanxiang Du

Published Jun 3, 2024• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We present a quantitative measurement of the horizontal component of the microwave magnetic field of a coplanar waveguide using a quantum diamond probe in fiber format. The measurement results are compared in detail with simulation, showing a good consistence. Further simulation shows fiber diamond probe brings negligible disturbance to the field under measurement compared to bulk diamond. This method will find important applications ranging from electromagnetic compatibility test and failure analysis of high frequency and high complexity integrated circuits.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/ad5321

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Abstract We present a quantitative measurement of the horizontal component of the microwave magnetic field of a coplanar waveguide using a quantum diamond probe in fiber format. The measurement results are compared in detail with simulation, showing a good consistence. Further simulation shows fiber diamond probe brings negligible disturbance to the field under measurement compared to bulk diamond. This method will find important applications ranging from electromagnetic compatibility test and failure analysis of high frequency and high complexity integrated circuits.
Abstract We develop a quantum precision measurement method for magnetic field at the Tesla level by utilizing a fiber diamond magnetometer. Central to our system is a micron-sized fiber diamond probe positioned on the surface of a coplanar waveguide made of nonmagnetic materials. Calibrated with a nuclear magnetic resonance magnetometer, this probe demonstrates a broad magnetic field range from 10 mT to 1.5 T with a nonlinear error better than 0.0028% under a standard magnetic field generator and stability better than 0.0012% at a 1.5 T magnetic field. Finally, we demonstrate quantitative mapping of the vector magnetic field on the surface of a permanent magnet using the diamond magnetometer.
We propose a diamond-based micron-scale sensor and perform high-resolution B-field imaging of the near-field distribution of coplanar waveguides. The sensor consists of diamond crystals attached to the tip of a tapered fiber with a physical size on the order of submicron. The amplitude of the B-field component B is obtained by measuring the Rabi oscillation frequency. The result of Rabi sequence is fitted with a decayed sinusoidal. We apply the modulation-locking technique that demonstrates the vector-resolved field mapping of the micromachine coplanar waveguide structure (CPW). B-field line scan was performed on the CPW with a scan step size of 1.25 μm. To demonstrate vector resolved rf field sensing, a full field line scan acts (was performed) along four NV axes at a height of 50 μm above the device surface. The simulations are compared with the experimental results by vector-resolved measurement. This technique allows the measurement of weak microwave signals with a minimum resolvable modulation depth of 20 ppm. The sensor will have great interest in micron-scale resolved microwave B-field measurements, such as electromagnetic compatibility testing of microwave integrated circuits and characterization of integrated microwave components.
Diamond based quantum sensing is a fast-emerging field with both scientific and technological importance. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, a crystal defect in diamond, is a unique model system for microwave sensing application due to its excellent photo-stability, long spin coherence time in ambient conditions. In this work, we systematically optimized the measurement parameters for microwave sensing. The system noise is analyzed, and 1/f noise is suppressed by introducing a differential algorithm. The gain of avalanche photodiode and the gating window of the pulsed fluorescence is optimized to further suppress the noise floor. The decoherence of spin is characterized by varying the duration of the laser and microwave. The minimal detectable power on a standard microstrip is characterized with sampling time down to 1 ms, showing flat frequency dependence. The results have important implications toward fast measurement of broadband microwave power, especially in the field of IC testing and radar signal processing under intense electromagnetic interference.
Diamond nitrogen-vacancy center is a widely studied platform for high frequency magnetometry. However, efficient field generator in a broadband field up to millimeter wave is still an open issue. In this work, we present a high-performance microwave magnetic field generator by incorporating gradient signal line coplanar waveguide design, achieving efficient generation of microwave magnetic field over an ultrawide band with a fairly good impedance match. This device uses standard PCB process and ensures efficient microwave excitation in an ultrabroad band up to 50 GHz for NV center experiments, promoting metrology applications for strong magnetic field and high-frequency.
The electron spin of nitrogen--vacancy (NV) centers in diamond offers a solid-state quantum bit and enables high-precision magnetic-field sensing on the nanoscale. Implementation of these approaches in a fiber format would offer unique opportunities for a broad range of technologies ranging from quantum information to neuroscience and bioimaging. Here, we demonstrate an ultracompact fiber-optic probe where a diamond microcrystal with a well-defined orientation of spin quantization NV axes is attached to the fiber tip, allowing the electron spins of NV centers to be manipulated, polarized, and read out through a fiber-optic waveguide integrated with a two-wire microwave transmission line. The microwave field transmitted through this line is used to manipulate the orientation of electron spins in NV centers through the electron-spin resonance tuned by an external magnetic field. The electron spin is then optically initialized and read out, with the initializing laser radiation and the photoluminescence spin-readout return from NV centers delivered by the same optical fiber.
An integrated quantum probe for magnetic field imaging is proposed, where the nitrogen–vacancy (NV) center fixed at the fiber tip is located on the periphery of flexible ring resonator. Using flexible polyimide (PI) as the substrate medium, we design a circular microstrip antenna, which can achieve a bandwidth of 140 MHz at Zeeman splitting frequency of 2.87 GHz, specifically suitable for NV center experiments. Subsequently, this antenna is seamlessly fixed at a three-dimensional-printed cylindrical support, allowing the optical fiber tip to extend out of a dedicated aperture. To mitigate errors originating from processing, precise tuning within a narrow range can be achieved by adjusting the conformal amplitude. Finally, we image the microwave magnetic field around the integrated probe with high resolution, and determine the suitable area for placing the fiber tip (SAP).